雅思閱讀機經真題解析--CosmeticsInAncientPast

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雅思閱讀機經真題解析--Cosmetics In Ancient Past

Since cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide use today, it is interesting to compare the attitudes, customs and beliefs related to them in ancient times to those of our own day and age. Cosmetics and perfumes have been popular since the dawn of civilization; it is shown by the discovery of a great deal of pertinent archeological material, dating from the third millennium BC. Mosaics, glass perfume flasks, stone vessels, ovens, cooking-pots, clay jars, etc., some inscribed by the hand of the artisan. evidence also appears in the Bible and other classical writings, where it is written that spices and perfumes were prestigious products known throughout the ancient world and coveted by kings and princes. The written and pictorial descriptions, as well as archaeological findings, all show how important body care and aesthetic appearance were in the lives of the ancient people. The chain of evidence spans many centuries, detailing the usage of cosmetics in various cultures from the earliest period of recorded history.

In antiquity, however, at least in the onset, cosmetics served in religious ceremonies and for healing purposes. Cosmetics were also connected with cultic worship and witchcraft: to appease the various gods, fragrant ointments were applied to the statuary images and even to their attendants. From this, in the course of time, developed the custom of personal use, to enhance the beauty of the face and the body, and to conceal defects.

Perfumes and fragrant spices were precious commodities in antiquity, very much in demand, and at times even exceeded silver and gold in value. Therefore they were luxury products, used mainly in the temples and in the homes of the noble and the wealthy. The Judean kings kept them in treasure houses (2 Kings 20:13).And the Queen of Sheba brought to Solomon "camels laden with spices, gold in great quantity and precious stones." (1 Kings 10:2,10). However, within time, the use of cosmetics became the custom of that period. The use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower classes as well as among the wealthy; in the same way they washed the body, so they used to care for the body with substances that softened the skin and anoint it with fragrant oils and ointments.

Facial treatment was highly developed and women devoted many hours to it. They used to spread various scented creams on the face and to apply makeup in vivid and contrasting colors. An Egyptian papyrus from the 16th century BC contains detailed recipes to remove blemishes, wrinkles, and other signs of age. Greek and Roman women would cover their faces in the evening with a "beauty mask" to remove blemishes, which consisted mainly of flour mixed with fragrant spices, leaving it on their face all night. The next morning they would wash it off with asses' milk. The very common creams used by women in the ancient Far East, particularly important in the hot climate and prevalent in that area of the globe, were made up of oils and aromatic scents. Sometimes the oil in these creams was extracted from olives, almonds, gourds, sesame, or from trees and plants; but, for those of limited means, scented animal and fish fats were commonly used.

Women in ancient past commonly put colors around their eyes. Besides beautification, its purpose was also medicinal as covering the sensitive skin of the lids with colored ointments that prevented dryness and eye diseases: the eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted eye inflammations. Egyptian women colored the upper eyelid black and the lower one green, and painted the space between the upper lid and the eyebrow gray or blue. The women of Mesopotamia favored yellows and reds. The use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the Bible, always with disapproval by the sages (2 Kings, 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel 23:40). In contrast, Job names one of his daughters “Keren Happukh” —“horn of eye paint” (Job 42:14)

Great importance was attached to the care for hair in ancient times. Long hair was always considered a symbol of beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long and kept it well-groomed and cared for. Women devoted much time to the style of the hair, while not culling, they would apply much care to it by arranging it skillfully in plaits and "building it up" sometimes with the help of wigs. Egyptian women generally wore their hair flowing down to their shoulders or even longer. In Mesopotamia, women cherished long hair as a part of their beauty, and hair flowing down their backs in a thick plait and tied with a ribbon is seen in art. Assyrian women wore their hair shorter, braiding and binding it in a bun at the back. In Ancient Israel, brides would wear their hair long on the wedding day as a sign of their virginity. Ordinary people and slaves, however, usually wore their hair short, mainly for hygienic reasons, since they could not afford to invest in the kind of treatment that long hair required.

From the Bible and Egyptian and Assyrian sources, as well as the words of classical authors, it appears that the centers of the trade in aromatic resins and incense were located in the kingdom of Arabia, and even as far as India, where some of these precious aromatic plants were grown. "Dealers from Sheba and Rammah dealt with you, offering the choicest spices..." (Ezekiel 27:22). The Nabateans functioned as the important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also served as a very important component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the country. It is known that the Egyptian Queen Hatsheput (15th century BC) sent a royal expedition to the Land of Punt (Somalia) in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple. In Assyrian records of tribute and spoils of war, perfumes and resins are mentioned; the text from the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers to balls of myrrh as part of the tribute brought to the Assyrian king by the Aramaean kings. The trade in spices and perfumes is also mentioned in the Bible as written in Genesis (37:25-26), "Camels carrying gum tragacanth and balm and myrrh".

Questions 15-21

Reading Passage 2 has 7 paragraphs A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.

15 recipes to conceal facial defects caused by aging

16 perfumes were presented to conquerors in war

17 long hair of girls had special meanings in marriage

18 evidence exists in abundance showing cosmetics use in ancient times

19 protecting eyes from fly-transmitted diseases

20 from witchcraft to beautification

21 more expensive than gold

Questions 22-27

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement is true

FALSE if the statement is false

NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

22 The written record for cosmetics and perfumes dates back to the third millennium BC.

23 Since perfumes and spices were luxury products, their use was exclusive to the noble and the wealthy.

24 In ancient Far East, fish fats were used as cream by women from poor households.

25 The teachings in the Bible were repeatedly against the use of kohl for painting the eyes.

26 Long hair as a symbol of beauty was worn solely by women of ancient cultures.

27 The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput sent a royal expedition to Punt to establish a trade route for myrrh.

文章題目：古代化妝

Cosmetics In Ancient Past篇章結構

體裁論說文

題目古代化妝

結構A段：化妝品和香水在古代就已經非常流行

B段：化妝品最早用于宗教和治療目的

C段：香水和香料在古代是奢侈品，但仍被廣泛使用

D段：古時面部護理十分發(fā)達，女性廣泛使用面霜和面膜

E段：古代女性也將色彩涂在眼睛周圍

F段：古代人們非常重視頭發(fā)的保養(yǎng)

G段：古代的香料運輸及貿易

Cosmetics In Ancient Past試題分析

Question 1題目類型：

題號定位詞文中對應點題目解析

15 recipe; age D段第四句D段主要在講古代女性非常重視面部護理，第三句話提到一份埃及莎草紙上記載了去除面部瑕疵的方法，這句話中的recipes to remove blemishes...other signs of age可以對應題干中的recipe和facial defects caused by aging，故此題選D。

16 perfumes; conquerors in war G段倒數第二句G段主要描述古代香料運輸和貿易，倒數第二句的records of tribute and spoils of war可以對應題干中的were presented to conquerors in war，而perfumes也是相互對應，故此題選G.

17 long hair of girls; marriage F段倒數第二句F段的主旨古代對頭發(fā)的重視，而倒數第二句話講到在古代以色列，新娘在婚禮上披著長發(fā)以示貞潔，這一句中的brides would their hair long on wedding day as a sign of their virginity和題干中的long hair of girls, special meaning, marriage對應，故此題選F。

18 in abundance;

cosmetics use;

ancient time A段第二句話A段第二句話中的cosmetics have been popular since the dawn of civilization 對應題干的cosmetics use和ancient time;the discovery of a great deal of pertinent archeological material 對應in abundance，故此題選A。

19 eyes; fly-transmitted diseases E段第二句只有E段講到了眼部化妝，所以答案要在本段找。第二句話末尾處的the eye-paint repelled the little flies that transmitted aye inflammations可以對應題干的關鍵詞，故此題選E。

20 witch craft;beautification B段的第二、三句B段講到了化妝品最早是用于宗教和治療目的，之后慢慢開始個人使用，本段是主旨和題干中的witchcraft和beautification對應，故此題選B。

21 more expensive than gold C段第一句C段第一句末尾處提到perfumes at times even exceeded silver and gold in value和題干的信息完全對應，故此題選C。

22 the third millennium BCA段文中并未提到有關香水香料相關記載的具體時間，所以這個信息屬于未提及，NOT GIVEN。

23 exclusive C段最后一句題干提到香料僅用于貴族和富人，而C段最后一句的the use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower classes as well as among the wealthy說明窮人也同樣使用香料，故此題是FALSE。

24 fish fats; cream D段最后一句題干中的關鍵詞可以和最后一句話中的for those of limited means, scented animal and fish fats were commonly used對應，故此題是TRUE。

25 Bible; the use of kohl for painting the eyes E段倒數第二句E段提及了眼部化妝，倒數第二句中的the use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in the Bible和題干對應，故此題TRUE。

26 was worn solely be women

F段第二句F段重點在講古代人對頭發(fā)的護理，第二句話中的long hair was always considered a symbol of beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their hair long與題干中的worn solely be women矛盾，故此題FALSE。

27 establish a trade route for myrrh G段第三句第三句話提到in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple，并未提到establish a trade route，故此題NOT GIVEN。

Cosmetics In Ancient Past參考譯文：

古代化妝

A 由于化妝品和香水至今仍在廣泛使用，因此，與此相關的一些看法、風俗和信仰的古今比較就顯得十分有趣。在文明初期，化妝品和香水就已經十分流行。大量相關的考古學文明的發(fā)現表明了這一點。這些物品可追溯至公元前三世紀——細頸的馬賽克玻璃香水瓶，石質容器，爐子，烹飪器，黏土罐等等。有些還有工匠親手刻的名字。在圣經及其它經典著作中也能找到這樣的證據，書中描述道：在古代，眾所周知香料與香水是享譽盛名的產品。國王和王子都對齊夢寐以求。書面和繪畫的描述，以及考古學上的發(fā)現，都表明了身體的保養(yǎng)和外貌的美感在古代人們的生活中是多么的重要。這條證據鏈跨越了數個世紀，詳細描述了自有離職記載以來，在不同文化中化妝品的使用方式。

B 然而，在古代，至少是在古代初期，化妝品只用于宗教儀式或以治療為目的的行為中?；瘖y品也和宗教崇拜與巫術聯(lián)系在一起：為安撫不同的神，他們的雕像，甚至是隨從的侍者，都會被涂上香膏。經過一段時間之后，為了面部和身體美感的增加以及瑕疵的掩蓋，化妝品逐漸發(fā)展為個人使用的物品。

C 香水和香料在古代需求很大但十分珍貴，有時甚至超過了金銀的價值。因此，它們屬于奢侈品，大多用于寺廟或貴族及富人的家里。猶太國王將它們和珍貴的財產放在一起;所羅門示巴女王把物品帶到所羅門時， “用駱駝滿載香料，大量的黃金和珍貴的寶石?！比欢谀嵌螘r間里，化妝品的使用成為慣例，在上層的社會和下層社會被廣泛使用。他們用同樣的方式沐浴，使用某些物品來軟化肌膚，再涂上香油或香膏。

D 那時候，面部護理高度發(fā)達，女性對其投入了大量的時間。她們在臉上抹上不同香味的面霜，再化上鮮艷色彩的妝容。在公園前16世紀，一份埃及的紙莎草上詳細地記載了去除瑕疵、皺紋及其它衰老跡象的方法。希臘和羅馬的女性會在夜間將臉上涂滿一種“美膚面霜”，用于去除面部瑕疵。這種面膜主要由粉末混合香料而成，要敷在臉上一整夜，第二天早上用驢奶將其洗去。在古代的遠東被女性廣泛使用的面霜，在炎熱的氣候中尤為重要并且在那一地區(qū)十分流行。這種面霜由油和芳香味那一地區(qū)十分流行。這種面霜由油和芳香味制成。這些面霜里的油有時從橄欖、杏仁、葫蘆、芝麻或者木料和植物中萃取而來。然而，這些方式十分有限，于是芳香的動物及魚脂也常常被使用。

E 古代女性常常將色彩涂抹于眼睛周圍，此舉不僅為美化自己，也帶有藥用的目的。將有色香料遮蓋在眼皮敏感肌膚處能夠防止干燥及眼部疾?。貉鄄康挠筒誓軌蜃钃鮽鞑パ鄄垦装Y的小飛蟲，埃及女性將上眼皮涂上黑色，下眼瞼涂上綠色，然后將上眼皮和眉毛之間的區(qū)域涂上灰色或藍色。美索不達米亞的女性則偏愛黃色和紅色，用于給眼睛著色的眼影粉在圣經中被提及三次，并且總是伴隨著圣人們對此的不贊同。與此相反，喬布給他其中一位女兒起名為“Keren Happukh”——意為“眼部色彩的象征”。

F 在古代對頭發(fā)的保養(yǎng)也極受重視。長頭發(fā)總是被視為美的象征。國王、貴族及地位顯赫的人物紛紛蓄起長發(fā)并梳洗整潔、小心照料。女性投入大量時間在發(fā)型上，雖然并無修剪，但她們會悉心地將頭發(fā)整齊精巧的編成辮子,有時借助假發(fā)的幫助，將頭發(fā)“建造起來”埃及女性通常將頭發(fā)蓄至披肩或更長。在美索不達米亞，女性將長發(fā)視為審美的一部分。將頭發(fā)蓄至背部，再編一條粗辮并用緞帶扎好，這被視為一門藝術。亞述的女性則留著短一些的頭發(fā)，她們將頭發(fā)扎成辮子并在后面束成圓髻。在古代的以色列，新娘在婚禮上要披著長長的頭發(fā)以示貞潔。然而，普通人和奴隸則通常留著短發(fā)，主要是為衛(wèi)生起見，因為他們無法承擔起長發(fā)所需護理的花銷。

G 在圣經、埃及和亞述的資料中，以及經典著作的作者記載中發(fā)現，芳香樹脂及熏香的貿易中心位于南部阿拉伯王國，甚至遠至印度，一些珍貴的芳香植物在這些地方生長?！皬氖景秃屠R來的商人用上等的香料與你交易…”。約旦納巴泰人在這項交易中起了重要的中間人的作用。巴勒斯坦也是一個非常重要的組成部分，因為貿易路線在該國中縱橫交錯。據說埃及哈特謝普蘇特女王〔公元前15世紀)曾派遣一支皇家探險隊前往彭特之地(索馬里〕，只為帶問沒藥的幼苗以種植在她的寺院中。在亞述人貢物及戰(zhàn)利品的記載中，提到了香水及松脂。在圖庫爾蒂時期的文獻中提到，阿拉姆國王將沒藥的球狀物作為貢品的一部分給予亞述國王。香料與香水的貿易在圣經力吉妮西斯的描述中也被提及，“駱駝在這黃蓍膠(用于制作琺瑯制品)香膏及沒藥。

Cosmetics In Ancient Past參考答案：

Version 22116主題古代化妝

NOT GIVEN

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

NOT GIVEN

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