雅思閱讀A類：PaperRecycling
大家在找雅思閱讀材料的時(shí)候千萬不能盲目地找，要找一些難度和內(nèi)容與雅思閱讀切合的文章，下面小編給大家?guī)硌潘奸喿xA類：Paper Recycling，來看看吧！
雅思閱讀A類：Paper Recycling
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 30-41 which are based on the Reading Passage below.
PAPER RECYCLING
A Paper is different from other waste produce because it comes from a sustainable resource: trees. Unlike the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are replaceable. Paper is also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded. While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standards, this is a good performance since the worldwide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes and at the same time, the paper industry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have paved the way for even greater utilization of used fibre. As a result, industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twice the rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.
B Already, waste paper constitutes 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also contribute. We need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; for example, stationery may be less white and of a rougher texture. There also needs to support from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper available to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous items.
C There are technical limitations to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper products cannot be collected for re-use. These include paper in the form of books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common sources of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material in which goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.
D Once collected, the paper has to be sorted by hand by people trained to recognise various types of paper. This is necessary because some types of paper can only be made from particular kinds of recycled fibre. The sorted paper then has to be repulped or mixed with water and broken down into its individual fibres. This mixture is called stock and may contain a wide variety of contaminating materials, particularly if it is made from mixed waste paper which has had little sorting. Various machineries are used to remove other materials from the stock. After passing through the repulping process, the fibres from printed waste paper are grey in colour because the printing ink has soaked into the individual fibres. This recycled material can only be used in products where the grey colour does not matter, such as cardboard boxes but if the grey colour is not acceptable, the fibres must be de-inked. This involves adding chemicals such as caustic soda or other alkalis, soaps and detergents, water-hardening agents such as calcium chloride, frothing agents and bleaching agents. Before the recycled fibres can be made into paper they must be refined or treated in such a way that they bond together.
E Most paper products must contain some virgin fibre as well as recycled fibres and unlike glass, paper cannot be recycled indefinitely. Most paper is down-cycled which means that a product made from recycled paper is of an inferior quality to the original paper. Recycling paper is beneficial in that it saves some of the energy, labour and capital that go into producing virgin pulp. However, recycling requires the use of fossil fuel, a non-renewable energy source, to collect the waste paper from the community and to process it to produce new paper. And the recycling process still creates emissions which require treatment before they can be disposed of safely. Nevertheless, paper recycling is an important economical and environmental practice but one which must be carried out in a rational and viable manner for it to be useful to both industry and the community.
Questions 30-36
Complete the summary below of the first two paragraphs of the Reading Passage.
Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet.
SUMMARY
Example ….
From the point of view of recycling, paper has two advantages over minerals and ………..oil……….
in that firstly it comes from a resource which is …….. (30) …….. and secondly, it is less threatening to our environment when we throw it away because it is ……. (31) …… Although Australia’s record in the re-use of waste paper is good, it is still necessary to use a combination of recycled fibre and …….. (32) …….. to make new paper. The paper industry has contributed positively and people have also been encouraged by ………(33) ……… to collect their waste on a regular basis. One major difficulty is the removal of ink from used paper but ……… (34) ……… are being made in this area. However, we need to learn to accept paper which is generally of a lower ……… (35) ……… than before and to sort our waste paper by removing ……… (36) …….. before discarding it for collection.
Look at paragraphs C, D, and E and, using the information in the passage, complete the flow chart below. Write your answers in boxes 37-41 on your answer sheet. Use ONE OR TWO WORDS for each answer.
Answer:
30. sustamable 31. biodegradable 32. virgin fibre/ pulp 33. governments/ the government 34. advances 35. quality 36. contaminants 37. offices 38. sorted 39. (re)pulped 40. de-ink/ remove ink/ make white 41. refined
雅思閱讀--切莫“望文生義”
一、利用定義式線索進(jìn)行猜測(cè)
定義是作者為了更好地表達(dá)思想，在文章中對(duì)一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語(yǔ)或 詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對(duì)性，利用它們猜測(cè)詞義比較容易。例如:Kinetic energy is the energy of moving particles. Kinetic enegry 可能是生詞，由定義可知，表語(yǔ)是說明主語(yǔ)性質(zhì)內(nèi)容的。所以kinetic energy就是“運(yùn)動(dòng)粒子的能量”。
再如Typhoons are cyclones，storms with strong winds rotating around a low-pressure center.如果cyclones是生詞，推斷該詞義的線索就是其后面的解釋“繞低氣壓中心形成的暴風(fēng)雨”由此我們可知cyclones的意思是“繞低氣壓中心形成的暴風(fēng)雨”。在這種解釋中定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。
二、根據(jù)進(jìn)一步闡述猜測(cè)詞義
雖然進(jìn)一步闡述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是提供的信息足以使我們猜出生詞的詞義。復(fù)述部分可以是適當(dāng)?shù)脑~，短語(yǔ)或者句子。例如Experts in kinesics, in their study of body motion as related to speech ,hope to discover new methods of communications.
逗號(hào)中短語(yǔ)的意思是“對(duì)肢體語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科”。短語(yǔ)與前面生詞kinesics是同位關(guān)系，因此我們不難猜出kinesics指“肢體語(yǔ)言學(xué)”。在這種復(fù)述當(dāng)中,構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)，和括號(hào)等。
另外同位語(yǔ)前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, 等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。另外一種會(huì)以定語(yǔ)從句的形式出現(xiàn)如從句Obesity, which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells.
根據(jù)生詞obesity后面的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which is a medical disorder that affects approximately 20-30% of the population of the United States of America. It is an excessive accumulation of body fat that results from the storage of excess food energy calories in the body's fat cells. 我們可以推斷出 obesity的含義，即“過度肥胖”。
三、根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義
恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測(cè)生詞的重要線索，例如The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”和“重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)”是生詞的實(shí)例，通過它們我們可以猜出epochal的 大致詞義“重要的”。
四、根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境關(guān)聯(lián)猜測(cè)詞義
例如Computers have been used for most kinds of crime, including fraud theft, larceny, embezzlement, burglary, sabotage, murder and forgery, since the first cases were reported in 1985. 這句話中有許多生詞出現(xiàn)，但通過上文的crime和murder一詞，我們可以知道這些下劃線詞都是與犯罪有關(guān)的詞。在考試中，就不必費(fèi)心去考慮它們的具體意思，知道大概類別即可。
再如Goran Ivanisevic fears only one service in tennis -- Michael Stichs. His toss is always the same: the straight one or the topspin. Sampras has a good serve and Becker too, but Stichs is the toughest to read.在此例中，大多數(shù)詞用于網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)中的一些專門詞匯，我們可以不必理會(huì)，而主要關(guān)注認(rèn)識(shí)的那些詞。這樣能夠大概理解此句講的是網(wǎng)球選手Goran害怕某種service, 通過上下文大致可得知這是指網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動(dòng)中的一個(gè)動(dòng)作(比如發(fā)球、扣球等)。
其實(shí)，service就是“發(fā)球”的意思。從形容詞straight可知Stichs發(fā)球的特點(diǎn)，而且他是最難預(yù)測(cè)的一個(gè)。這樣一來就可以很好地把握文章內(nèi)容了。
雅思閱讀--如何排除干擾項(xiàng)
一、 重要干擾項(xiàng)
重要干擾項(xiàng)就是指，這種選項(xiàng)雖然不是正確答案，卻與原文不沖突(或者很難判斷是否與原文沖突)，它們與正確答案看起來比較相似，只不過不如正確答案更準(zhǔn)確、更完整或更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。我們和小編一起來看下面的例子：
In Tarkovsky’s opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it
A aims to impress its audience.
B tells stories better than books.
C illustrates the passing of time.
D describes familiar events.
我們可以定位到原文的C段和D段，C段提到：The frightened audience could not accept that they were watching a mere picture. Pictures were still, only reality moved; this must, therefore, be reality. In their confusion, they feared that a real train was about to crush them. 這一段文字表達(dá)了觀眾當(dāng)時(shí)的反應(yīng)，觀眾們很難接受自己看到的是圖畫而不是事實(shí)。D段提到：The key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real, objective flow of time was captured. 這段文字描述了電影創(chuàng)造了事件隨時(shí)間的發(fā)展演變，并且用picture和novel進(jìn)行類比，強(qiáng)調(diào)電影的魔力是讓人清楚地看到事情流暢地隨時(shí)間演變。
根據(jù)這兩段文字所表達(dá)的意思，很多學(xué)生會(huì)選擇A或B選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵奶峒傲擞^眾、小說(書)的內(nèi)容。A和B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文所講的內(nèi)容并不是矛盾或完全不符合的。因此，這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)就干擾了我們正確的選擇。當(dāng)我們把這兩段文字仔細(xì)推敲之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)描述觀眾的反應(yīng)和對(duì)比書和電影的區(qū)別，都是為了表達(dá)電影的魔力在于表達(dá)事件隨時(shí)間的發(fā)展這一主題含義。C項(xiàng)的含義比AB要更準(zhǔn)確，因此答案選擇C項(xiàng)。
二、 錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)
相比之下，多選題目的錯(cuò)誤干擾項(xiàng)就較容易識(shí)別出來了。我們可以看到，有些題目中，某個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文是直接矛盾的，那么肯定不會(huì)選擇它為正確的答案。比如：
A recent survey found that in British secondary schools,
A there was more bullying than had previously been the case.
B there was less bullying than in primary schools.
C cases of persistent bullying were very common.
D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.
我們看到原文，其中有一句話是：There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying. 通過這句話，我們可以明顯地判斷出，C項(xiàng)的含義與原文是矛盾的。very common和one in twenty-five的比例是明顯不符的。因此，C選項(xiàng)就是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的干擾項(xiàng)，我們可以確定地排除答案是C項(xiàng)的可能性。
雅思閱讀如何判斷出題者意圖
如何判斷雅思閱讀題考察點(diǎn)
雅思閱讀備考有些學(xué)生為了省事省力又省心，總是想盡各種方法尋求雅思閱讀學(xué)習(xí)技巧，從而進(jìn)一步將自己的雅思閱讀提高方法更準(zhǔn)確無誤的總結(jié)出來。事實(shí)上，技巧的掌握是輔助學(xué)生做雅思閱讀題的工具，它的存在可以有效的保障學(xué)生探測(cè)出題人的出題思路和意圖。本文為大家介紹從雅思閱讀技巧判斷出題意圖。
從直接用詞來直接判斷作者的立場(chǎng)
在雅思閱讀文章當(dāng)中，作者的立場(chǎng)主要分為三類：贊成、反對(duì)或中立。這需要我們從文章中找出一些旗幟鮮明的詞來幫助我們判定(這種立場(chǎng)的分類需要學(xué)生在求雅思閱讀技巧的同時(shí)，對(duì)文章的大致內(nèi)容和題型分類有了解)：例如有一篇介紹GMOs(轉(zhuǎn)基因生物)的文章中，第一句話是：Genetically-modified organisms(GMOs)are a double-edged sword(雙刃劍)。這句話是全文或至少是全段的主題句，表明出題者的觀點(diǎn)是中立的，認(rèn)為轉(zhuǎn)基因生物給人類帶來益處的同時(shí)也帶來了危害。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)，考生應(yīng)注意把住這兩方面的論據(jù)在心里加以分類。
通過理解轉(zhuǎn)折詞來看作者的態(tài)度
作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度往往在雅思的文章中有一個(gè)先揚(yáng)后抑的過程，會(huì)通過一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞表現(xiàn)出來，前面會(huì)列出很多幌子來迷惑考生。這些常用的有：although，though，while，on the other hand，however，rather，but，despite，in spite of等。
雅思閱讀提高方法的找尋需要學(xué)生在細(xì)節(jié)上有很好的耐力和查找能力，其中轉(zhuǎn)折詞的存在大有裨益。表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞是猜測(cè)單詞詞義的很好的線索。另外，在一句話中，轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的部分往往是出題者表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，所強(qiáng)調(diào)的東西。如果時(shí)間緊張的話，考生甚至可以跳過這些詞前面的部分，直接閱讀后半句話，因?yàn)檫@常常是問題涉及到的。
通過原因和結(jié)果推測(cè)作者的意圖
在閱讀過程中，了解出題者解釋某個(gè)事件或情況的原因是很重要的。因果關(guān)系是幫助考生理解文章的線索之一。因此，考生應(yīng)掌握下列詞匯。解釋原因的：because，because of，due to，result from，as a result of，be a consequence of，be attributed to;表示結(jié)果的：as a result，result in，lead to，cause，contributed to.
雅思閱讀A類：Paper Recycling相關(guān)文章：
雅思閱讀A類：PaperRecycling
