托福口語特點以及答題技巧
新托?？谡Z和老托?？谡Z有很大的區(qū)別，尤其是新托?？谡Z學術(shù)性要求更強了，對于很多考生而言，講好英語不是問題，但是要講好學術(shù)性的口語，就有一定難度了。為了幫助大家更好地備考，小編給大家整理了托?？谡Z考試特點和答題技巧。
托?？谡Z特點以及答題技巧
一、考察方向
新托?？谡Z的第六道題，通常被考生視為難度最大的一道，就是因為它的考察形式--總結(jié)聽到的1-2分鐘的學術(shù)講座。難點體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：1. 純粹的聽力內(nèi)容使聽力較弱的考生無所適從;2. 學術(shù)講座的專業(yè)性太強，如果考生不熟悉講座的方向，會聽得云里霧里。朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認為，其實此題也是有章可循的：講座通常圍繞一個學術(shù)概念展開，然后給出此概念的定義，并運用具體的例子來對此概念進行補充，或給出實驗的過程來論證此科學概念的科學性;或者，會圍繞著一個科學現(xiàn)象展開，繼而給出產(chǎn)生此現(xiàn)象的原因以及影響。因此，常見的提問方式如下：
1. Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two definitions of money presented by the professor.
2. Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two types of motivation.
3. Using the examples from the talk, explain how persuasive strategies are used in advertising.
4. Using the research described by the professor, explain what scientists have learned about the mathematical abilities of babies.
前兩種提問方法常出現(xiàn)在概念--定義型的講座中，而后兩種提問方法常出先在實驗型的講座中。備考的考生須知，在聽講座的過程中，是看不到問題的。在講座結(jié)束后，屏幕上會顯示如上的問題，同時會有narrator將問題讀出，以便考生熟悉題目中關(guān)鍵詞的讀音。
二、評分標準
那么考官是如何評分的呢?《新托?？谡Z考試官方指南》指出第六題的評分標準是：考生需要充分展示自己的語言表達(發(fā)音)和語言運用(語法及詞匯)能力，能“完整地回答問題”。許多考生在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)無法完成回答，因為他們在概念總結(jié)上花費了太多的時間。若回答“遺漏關(guān)鍵信息”或“沒有對重要信息展開論述”，那么評分人會只給2分。記住，第六題想要得高分，考生的回答要持續(xù)(很少或者沒有不恰當?shù)耐ｎD)并且連貫(邏輯流暢)，容易使人理解。
三、講座內(nèi)容
Task 6的講座通常為90-120秒，有些話題可能持續(xù)的時間更長，會超過2分鐘。在講座中，教授通常會先介紹一個概念或現(xiàn)象，然后一般情況下，會用兩個例子或者兩個下級分類來進行深入的解釋。而有關(guān)于一個實驗過程的講座可能會描述一個過程的兩個步驟。在講述一件事件的講座中，教授可能會描述一個事件的前因后果。在關(guān)于某科學社會理論的講座中，教授則會舉出一些例子來說明這一理論在日常生活中起的作用及對人們?nèi)粘Ｉ町a(chǎn)生的影響。
由于第六道題目是純粹的聽力講座而沒有閱讀材料，那么講座中的主要內(nèi)容通常情況下是會在第一句話中體現(xiàn)出來的。有時候教授會非常直接明顯地點明話題，例如：Today we’ll talk about how companies determine the initial prices for their products. 然后教授會講述主要概念涉及的過程或者基本原理及舉例。
講座結(jié)束后，考生將聽到并在電腦屏幕上看到題目。如上文所示，第六題的題目會要求考生解釋講座所討論的核心概念。由于此部分沒有閱讀內(nèi)容，相較于Task 3和Task 4, 考生只有20秒的準備時間，在此期間，考生可依據(jù)自己的筆記進行思考和準備。在聽到“嗶”的提示聲后，考生將有60秒的時間作答。
綜上所述，在新托?？谡Z的聽力中，會存在非常明顯的規(guī)律，在考生聽懂大方向的情況下，不難將講座的outline找出。讓我們來看一篇新托福TPO真題。
So, let’s talk about money. What is money? Well, typically people think of coins and paper “bills” as money... but that’s using a somewhat narrow definition of the term.
A broad definition is this: money is anything that people can use to make purchases with. Since many things can be used to make purchases, money can have many different forms. Certainly, coins and bills are one form of money. People exchange goods and services for coins or paper bills, and they use this money ... these bills ... to obtain other goods and services. For example, you might give a taxi driver five dollars to purchase a ride in his taxi. And he in turn gives the five dollars to a farmer to buy some vegetables...
But, as I said, coins and bills aren’t the only form of money under this broad definition. Some societies make use of a barter system. Basically, in a barter system people exchange goods and services directly for other goods and services. The taxi driver, for example, might give a ride to a farmer in exchange for some vegetables. Since the vegetables are used to pay for a service, by our broad definition the vegetables are used in barter as a form of money.
Now, as I mentioned, there’s also a second ... a narrower definition of money. In the United States only coins and bills are legal tender—meaning that by law, a seller must accept them as payment. The taxi driver must accept coins or bills as payment for a taxi ride. OK? But in the U.S., the taxi driver is not required to accept vegetables in exchange for a ride. So a narrower definition of money might be whatever is legal tender in a society, whatever has to be accepted as payment.
Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two definitions of money presented by the professor.
在此講座中，教授在第一句話中就直接地指出講座的中心內(nèi)容—Money, 隨后的內(nèi)容圍繞著對Money的定義展開。整個講座講述了Money的兩種定義，一種是廣義的，一種是狹義的。教授首先講述了廣義的錢的定義，并以出租車和菜農(nóng)的兩個具體的例子來解釋廣義錢的定義內(nèi)容。隨后講述了狹義的錢的定義，同樣，在給出了定義之后，教授依然用出租車和菜農(nóng)的例子來進行解釋。
有了這樣的一個outline后，考生需要提取出來的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容為：
-- A broad definition is this: money is anything that people can use to make purchases with.
-- Coins and bills are one form of money.
-- In a barter system people exchange goods and services directly for other goods and services.
-- So a narrower definition of money might be whatever is legal tender in a society, whatever has to be accepted as payment.
-- In the United States only coins and bills are legal tender-meaning that by law, a seller must accept them as payment.
如考生能夠抓住以上幾句關(guān)鍵句，那么在結(jié)合了例子之后，就可以有一份非常完美的答案了。例如，綜合上述關(guān)鍵點，高分例文為：
The professor talks about two definitions of money, a broad one and a narrow one. By the broad definition, money is everything with which we can make purchases. For example, coins and bills can be money, because we can use them to buy goods such as vegetables and pay for services such as taxi. But in a barter system, vegetables can be money, because farmers can give drivers vegetables in exchange for a drive. By the narrow definition, in a society, the legal tender is money. For instance, in the US, drivers and farmers must accept dollars as payment. People can use dollars to pay for taxi and buy vegetables because dollar is the legal tender in the US. So, dollar in the form of coin and bill is money.
此范文邏輯清晰，并包含了講座的各個方面，亦可為考生提供一定的關(guān)于定義類的模板：總起句引出話題--第二句講兩個下級分類--關(guān)鍵的定義及舉例。一份完整的答案需要包含文中所提到的各個方面。例如，在講述廣義的定義時，教授提到兩個方面的內(nèi)容--傳統(tǒng)的紙幣及硬幣和在以物換物社會下的任何物品。如果考生沒有涉及到以物換物的錢的概念，那么答案將是不完整的，沒有辦法得到較高的成績。
四、答題技巧
1. 避免原句照搬閱讀和聽力內(nèi)容，適當進行詞匯和語法的替換。由于Task 6是要求考生復(fù)述聽力講座中的內(nèi)容，因此很容易出現(xiàn)考生直接原文復(fù)述所聽所記內(nèi)容的現(xiàn)象。要知道這樣是會對考生的成績產(chǎn)生一定的影響的，考生需要在總結(jié)出中心句的同時，對中心句進行一定的paraphrase。例如，聽力原文的對話為：money is anything that people can use to make purchases with, 在范文中，被替換為money is everything with which we can make purchases。同樣的一句話，同為定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，只是將介詞的位置稍作改變，依舊是漂亮的一句話。很多考生存在疑問：是不是同義替換要把一整句話全部替換掉?其實不一定要一句話內(nèi)沒有絲毫重合，朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認為，考生只需將原句中的一、兩個詞替換成自己的表達，已經(jīng)算是高效的同義替換了。
2. 學會記筆記。在第六道題里，考生記筆記的能力顯得尤為重要，由于沒有過多的準備時間，大多數(shù)考生會將自己記的內(nèi)容稍加潤色就直接讀出來，因此筆記的量直接影響了回答的內(nèi)容。然而，就像聽力里的lecture, 如果筆記記得過多，又可能會影響聽后面的內(nèi)容。那么應(yīng)該如何記筆記呢?筆者在上文中提到，講座的主題一般會出現(xiàn)在第一句話，因此，在講座一開始的時候，考生要全神貫注地去聽核心概念，并用縮寫記下關(guān)鍵術(shù)語，還要記下足夠的信息來幫助自己定義這個核心概念?？赡苣硞€專業(yè)術(shù)語聽不懂，但是又重復(fù)了好多遍，那么就標注其發(fā)音，甚至用中文拼音將其記錄下來，因為后面肯定用得到。其次，考生需要記下支撐關(guān)鍵術(shù)語的例子或者實驗的過程，通常有兩個例子或者兩個步驟，將步驟記得盡可能詳盡。同時，由于聽力的量比較大，考生需要學會運用適當?shù)姆?、箭頭和縮寫來完成自己的筆記。
此外，考生在備考的過程中，也需要多積累可以加分的語言點，如：使役動詞的用法。由于講座需復(fù)述的內(nèi)容較多，考生亦需要去積累適當?shù)倪B詞來使表達連貫、有層次，以便形成高效的答案。
托福口語模板：大學新增設(shè)施
托?？谡Z題目：Your university has decided to build a new space near students’ dormitory buildings. Which of the following choices do you think should your university build most? Give specific explanation in your response.
---a café
---a game room
---a study room
你的大學決定在學生宿舍建一個新的設(shè)施，你認為以下哪個最應(yīng)該建：咖啡店、游戲室、學習室。
郝新宇老師的Sample response:
Personally speaking, I think building a café is the best choice. The main reason is now there is not an appropriate place for students to hang out in my university, it is common to see many students talk or discuss under the trees on the campus when the weather is extremely hot or cold. Thus, if building a spacious café, then in the day time some students can choose to read books or study there, and in the evening or at night many youngsters can drink, talk and relax there, keeping a balance between countless homework and relaxation. I think many students will support such an idea.
托福口語模板：學生選課還是教授選課
托?？谡Z題目：Some students believe that students should choose what courses they learn by themselves, while some students believe that professors should make decisions for students. Which opinion do you support? Give specific explanation in your response.一些學生認為學生應(yīng)該自己選課，另一些認為應(yīng)該由教授替學生選課。你支持哪種觀點，給出理由。
郝新宇老師的Sample response:
Personally speaking, I prefer professors make decisions. The main reason is professors’ choices tend to be mature and informed. They are clear about what students should learn and master for certain subjects. Taking the economics for example, professors have been investigating in this field for decades, they know students should learn courses like mathematics, econometrics, statistics, finance and so on, so as to master the skills needed in economics. However, if choosing by students, they are likely to be in a puzzle or at a loss about which courses to learn, consequently they may not learn necessary knowledge and achieve desired results.
托?？谡Z模板：是否允許孩子犯錯
托?？谡Z題目：Some parents always try to prevent their children from making mistakes, while some parents allow their kids to commit mistakes, thinking such experience helpful. Which opinion do you agree and why? 一些家長總是試圖防止孩子犯錯誤，而另一些家長則允許孩子犯錯誤，認為這些經(jīng)歷對孩子的成長是有幫助的。你同意哪種觀點，為什么。
郝新宇老師的Sample response:
Personally speaking, I think parents should allow their children to make mistakes, because children can gain experience from mistakes. For example, if children mistakenly spell English words, after realizing that, they will obtain a clear impression on the right spelling. Also when studying mathematics, if kids’calculation did not reach the right result, they will try to find their mistakes, correcting them, after that next time when they do the similar calculation, they may not commit the same mistake. In a word, sometimes mistakes are the good teachers, helping children to grow.
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托?？谡Z特點以及答題技巧
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