解析定語從句的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
定語從句是中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中的一個(gè)重要語法項(xiàng)目，也是歷屆高考的熱點(diǎn)所在。接下來，小編給大家準(zhǔn)備了解析定語從句的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),歡迎大家參考與借鑒。
解析定語從句的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)一：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的混用
例 1. I’ll never forget the days when I spent in New York with you.
例 2. I’ll never forget the days which I visited New York with you.
析：例 1 中的 when 應(yīng)改為 which 或 that ;例 2 中的 which 應(yīng)改為 when .區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵是看它們?cè)诙ㄕZ從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧Ｈ绻ㄕZ從句中缺少主語、賓語，就應(yīng)考慮使用關(guān)系代詞，如例 1 ;若定語從句中缺少狀語，就應(yīng)考慮使用關(guān)系副詞，如例 2 .
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)二：固定句式出差錯(cuò)
例 3. Mary is so lovely a girl as everybody loves her.
例 4. Mary is so lovely a girl that everybody loves.
析：例 3 中的 as 應(yīng)改為 that ;例 4 中的 that 應(yīng)改為 as . so…as 或 so…that 為固定句式，前者為 as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句， as 在定語從句中作賓語或主語，如例 4 ;后者為 that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句，該從句的成分是完整的，不缺少主語或賓語，如例 3 .類似的固定句式還有 the same… as (that) ， such…as ， as…as 等。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)三：主謂不一致
例 5. Tom is one of the students who likes swimming.
例 6. Tom is the only one of the students who like swimming.
析：例 5 中的 likes 應(yīng)改為 like ;例 6 中的 like 應(yīng)改為 likes .在“ one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，定語從句的先行詞是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如例 5 ;在“ the (only) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，先行詞是 one ，而不是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，故謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式，如例 6 .
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)四：與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型及其他句型的混合
例 7. Was it in the shop that you bought the recorder that you lost your pen?
例 8. You’d better make a mark at where you have any questions.
析：例 7 中第一個(gè) that 應(yīng)改為 where ;例 8 中應(yīng)去掉 at .例 7 為帶有定語從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句， you bought the recorder 為定語從句，其引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)用 where ，后面第二個(gè) that 才是強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的 that ，此句可還原為： You lost your pen in the shop where you bought the recorder .例 8 為 where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語從句。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)五：對(duì)先行詞概念不明確
例 9. It this library that you visited yesterday?
例 10. Is this the library where you visited yesterday?
析：例 9 中應(yīng)在 library 后加 the one ;例 10 中的 where 應(yīng)去掉或改為 that 或 which .在例 9 中， this library 是主語， is 是謂語， that 引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，但沒有先行詞，故應(yīng)補(bǔ)加先行詞;在例 10 中， the library 是先行詞，定語從句缺少賓語，故應(yīng)用 that 或 which 來引導(dǎo)，當(dāng)然也可以省略。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)六：特殊名詞作先行詞時(shí)關(guān)系詞的選取錯(cuò)誤
例 11. I don’t like the way which you speak to her.
例 12. I don’t care for pay. I just want to get a job that I can be greatly1 valued2.
析：例 11 中應(yīng)在 which 前加 in 或?qū)?which 改為 that 或去掉;例 12 中的 that 應(yīng)改為 where 或 in which .在定語從句中，有些特殊名詞作先行詞時(shí)其關(guān)系詞的選取有一定的特殊性，如 way 作先行詞時(shí)，其引導(dǎo)詞可用 that 或 in which 或省略，如例 11 ;與 way 相似的還有 job ， situation ， point ， case 等作先行詞時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用 where 或 in which ，如例 12 .
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)七：忽略as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別
例 13. He failed in the exam again， which was expected.
例 14. He failed in the exam again， as was not what he had expected.
析：例 13 中的 which 應(yīng)改為 as ;例 14 中的 as 應(yīng)改為 which . as 和 which 雖然都可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，但仍有以下三點(diǎn)區(qū)別：( 1 ) as 有“正如;就像”之意，而 which 沒有;( 2 ) as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可置于句首、句中或句末，而 which 只能置于句末;( 3 )如果非限制性定語從句是否定句時(shí)，只能用 which 引導(dǎo)。
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)八：忽略that 和which 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的區(qū)別
例 15. This is the most exciting football game which I have ever seen.
例 16. Here are the samples3 that — had I thought of it — you could have taken with you yesterday.
析：例 15 中的 which 應(yīng)改為 that ;例 16 中的 that 應(yīng)改為 which .當(dāng)先行詞被最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾或先行詞本身是不定代詞時(shí)，只能用 what 來引導(dǎo)定語從句，如例 15 ;當(dāng)關(guān)系詞后面有插入成分時(shí)，只能用 which 來引導(dǎo)定語從句，如例 16 .
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)九：介詞前置出差錯(cuò)
例 17. The two things with which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms4.
例 18. Tell him all the things to which he should pay attention.
析：例 17 中的 with 應(yīng)改為 about 或 of ;例 18 中應(yīng)把 to 移到 attention 的后面。在定語從句中前置的介詞必須和后面的動(dòng)詞或形容詞構(gòu)成固定搭配，如例 17 ;但并不是所有的固定搭配中的介詞都可前置，如例 18 .
易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)十：which 和whose 的意義不明確
例 19. The book which cover is broken5 is of great help to all of us.
例 20. The book of whose cover is broken is of great help to all of us.
析：例 19 中的 which 應(yīng)改為 whose ;例 20 中的 whose 應(yīng)改為 which .在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞 which 不能在定語從句中作定語，但 whose 可作定語，“ whose + n ”相當(dāng)于“ the + n + of which ”或“ of which + the + n ”。
擴(kuò)展：直接引語和間接引語正誤例析
1.“Speak English more often in and out of class，” our English teacher said to us.
Our English teacher suggested us to speak English more often in and out of class. (誤)
Our English teacher told /asked us to speak English more often in and out of class. (正)
Our English teacher suggested that we (should)speak English more often in and out of class. (正)
簡析：直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，要將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)語氣需要使用ask，tell，order等動(dòng)詞，其句型是：ask/tell/order someone to do sth.，但是suggest不能接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，只能接-ing形式或從句(從句用虛擬語氣)作賓語。
2.“Don’t play football on the street，little boys，” the policeman said.
The policeman told the little boys did not play football on the street. (誤)
The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street. (正)
簡析：如果直接引語是祈使句的否定式，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，要將其改為不定式的否定形式作賓補(bǔ)，不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not，而不是加do not，does not，did not等。
3.“Would you please do me the favor1 to carry the box upstairs?” the young woman said to me.
The young woman ordered me to carry the box upstairs for her. (誤)
The young woman asked me to carry the box upstairs for her.(正)
簡析：直接引語是一些表示請(qǐng)求、建議的疑問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)， 也變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ阶髻e語補(bǔ)足語。需要注意的是應(yīng)根據(jù)原句的語氣選用恰當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞。因?yàn)榇颂幵瓉淼囊蓡柧溆玫氖呛芸蜌獾恼Z氣，改寫后不宜用order。
4.“You clean the classroom after class today，Tom，” said the monitor.
The monitor said that Tom cleaned the classroom after class that day.(誤)
The monitor told Tom to clean the classroom after class that day. (正)
簡析：一般而言，祈使句是以動(dòng)詞原形開頭的，但是如果說話人有意強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，也可以在句首加上主語。我們?cè)趯⑵渥優(yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)不能將帶有主語的祈使句與陳述句混淆起來。
5.“It’s a fine day. Let’s go to the country for a picnic，” Peter said to me.
Peter told me that it was a fine day and let us go to the country for a picnic. (誤)
Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with him. (正)
簡析：當(dāng)直接引語中有多種句子形式如陳述句、祈使句、疑問句等時(shí)，我們就要用不同的方式將各種句子進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述。因?yàn)樵渲兄苯右Z前面部分是陳述句，故變?yōu)橛蓆hat引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，后面部分是祈使句所以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ阶髻e補(bǔ)。
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