高中英語基礎(chǔ)語法
高中英語基礎(chǔ)語法
高中英語語法是令所有高中生都頭疼的一個(gè)英語知識(shí)，很多高中生學(xué)習(xí)高中英語語法時(shí)都感到很吃力。那么高中英語語法有哪些內(nèi)容呢?下面由學(xué)習(xí)啦小編為大家整理的高中英語基礎(chǔ)語法，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!
高中英語基礎(chǔ)語法
一、詞法
1、名詞
A)、名詞的數(shù)
我們知道名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，而不可數(shù)名詞它沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但可數(shù)名詞卻有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分，復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下：
一)在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
二)x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes
三)1)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories
2)以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways
3)以o結(jié)尾加s(外來詞)。如：radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯
4)以f或fe結(jié)尾的變f為v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves
5)單復(fù)數(shù)相同(不變的)有：fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese
6)一般只有復(fù)數(shù)，沒有單數(shù)的有：people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks
7)單詞形式不變，既可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)的有：police警察局，警察, class班，同學(xué), family家，家庭成員
8)合成的復(fù)數(shù)一般只加主要名詞，多數(shù)為后一個(gè)單詞。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)則同時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers
9)有的單復(fù)數(shù)意思不同。如：fish魚 fishes魚的種類, paper紙 papers報(bào)紙，卷子，論文, work工作 works作品，工廠, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線 lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時(shí)間 times時(shí)代, 次數(shù), chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞
10) 單個(gè)字母的復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式直接加s或’s。如：Is (I’s), Ks (K’s)。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如：IDs, VCDs, SARs
11) 特殊形式的有：child-children, man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B)名詞的格
當(dāng)我們要表示某人的什么東西或人時(shí)，我們就要使用所有格形式。構(gòu)成如下：
1)單數(shù)在后面加’s。如：brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s
2)復(fù)數(shù)以s結(jié)尾的直接在s后加’，如果不是以s結(jié)尾的與單數(shù)一樣處理。如：Teachers’ Day教師節(jié), classmates’; Children’s Day六一節(jié), Women’s Day三八節(jié)
3)由and并列的名詞所有時(shí)，如果是共同所有同一人或物時(shí)，只加最后一個(gè)’s，但分別擁有時(shí)卻分別按單數(shù)形式處理。如：Mike and Ben’s room邁克和本的房間(共住一間)，Mike’s and Ben’s rooms邁克和本的房間(各自的房間)
2、代詞
項(xiàng)目 人稱代詞 物主代詞 指示代詞 反身代詞
人稱 主格 賓格 形容詞 名詞性
第一人稱 單數(shù) I me my mine myself
復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
第二人稱 單數(shù) you you your yours yourself
復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
第三人稱 單數(shù) she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its this that itself
復(fù)數(shù) they them their theirs these those themselves
3、動(dòng)詞
A) 第三人稱單數(shù)
當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該像名詞的單數(shù)變動(dòng)詞那樣加s，如下：
一)一般在詞后加s。如：comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二)在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三)01、以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es。如：study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
02、以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如：plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
03、以o結(jié)尾加es。如：does, goes
04、特殊的有：are-is, have-has
B) 現(xiàn)在分詞
當(dāng)我們說某人正在做什么事時(shí)，動(dòng)詞要使用分詞形式，不能用原形，構(gòu)成如下：
一)一般在后加ing。如：spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二)以不發(fā)音e的結(jié)尾的去掉e再加ing。如：dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且一個(gè)元音字母+一個(gè)輔音字母(注意除開字母組合如show –showing, draw-drawing)要雙寫最后的輔音字母再加ing。如：put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
四)以ie結(jié)尾的變ie為y再加ing。如：tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于
4、形容詞的級(jí)
我們?cè)趯?duì)兩個(gè)或以上的人或物進(jìn)行對(duì)比時(shí)，則要使用比較或最高級(jí)形式。構(gòu)成如下：
01、 一般在詞后加er或est(如果是以e結(jié)尾則直接加r或st)。如：greater-greatest, shorter –shortest, taller –tallest, longer –longest, nicer- nicest, larger -largest
02、以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且1個(gè)元音字母+1個(gè)輔音字母(字母組合除外，如few-fewer fewest)結(jié)尾的雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音再加er /est。如：big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest
03、以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的變y為i加er/est。如：happy-happier happiest, sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly), busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest
04、特殊情況：(兩好多壞，一少老遠(yuǎn))
good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill – worse worst
little- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest
5、數(shù)詞 (基變序，有規(guī)則;一、二、三，自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th;y結(jié)尾，變?yōu)閕, eth跟上去。) first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth, ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.陳述句
肯定陳述句
a) This is a book. (be動(dòng)詞)
b) He looks very young. (連系動(dòng)詞)
c) I want a sweat like this. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
d) I can bring some things to school. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
e) There’s a computer on my desk. (There be結(jié)構(gòu))
否定陳述句
a) These aren’t their books.
b) They don’t look nice.
c) Kate doesn’t go to No. 4 Middle School.
d) Kate can’t find her doll.
e) There isn’t a cat here. (=There’s no cat here.)
2. 祈使句
肯定祈使句
a) Please go and ask the man.
b) Let’s learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句
a) Don’t be late.
b) Don’t hurry.
3. 疑問句
1) 一般疑問句
a) Is Jim a student?
b) Can I help you?
c) Does she like salad?
d) Do they watch TV?
e) Is she reading?
肯定回答:
a) Yes, he is.
b) Yes, you can.
c) Yes, she does.
d) Yes, they do.
e) Yes, she is.
否定回答:
a) No, he isn’t.
b) No, you can’t.
c) No, she doesn’t.
d) No, they don’t.
e) No, she isn’t.
2) 選擇疑問句
Is the table big or small? 回答 It’s big./ It’s small.
3) 特殊疑問句
01、問年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
02、問種類 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
03、問身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
04、問方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is cindyjones@163.com.
05、問原因 Why do you want to join the club?
06、問時(shí)間 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five o’clock.
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
07、問地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table.
08、問顏色 What color are they? They are light blue.
What’s your favourite color? It’s black.
09、問人物 Who’s that? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who isn’t at school? Peter and Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim talking to?
10、問東西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.
11、問姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen.
What’s your first name? My first name’s Ben.
What’s your family name? My family name’s Smith.
12、 問哪一個(gè) Which do you like? I like one in the box.
13、 問字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14 、問價(jià)格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars.
15 、問電話號(hào)碼 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349.
16、 問謂語(動(dòng)作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV.
17、 問職業(yè)(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
What’s your father? He’s a doctor.
三、時(shí)態(tài)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示普遍、經(jīng)常性的或長(zhǎng)期性的動(dòng)作時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，它有：
Be 動(dòng)詞：She’s a worker. Is she a worker? She isn’t a worker.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I can’t play the piano.
行為動(dòng)詞：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They don’t want to eat any tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesn’t have a watch.
2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示動(dòng)詞在此時(shí)正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行就使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.
I’m playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? I’m not playing baseball.
Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isn’t writing a letter.
They’re listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They aren’t listening to the pop music.
高中英語必考的30個(gè)基礎(chǔ)句型
1. be doing/be about to do/had done…when…(when：這時(shí), 強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)動(dòng)作的突然發(fā)生)
I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy cry for help.
I was about to leave when it began to rain.
I had just finished my test paper when the bell rang, announcing the exam was over.
2. It was (not ) + 時(shí)間段+before +一般過去時(shí)(過了一段時(shí)間就......)
It will (not ) be+ 時(shí)間段+before +一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(要過一段時(shí)間才會(huì)…)
It is/has been +時(shí)間段+ since…..
It was +點(diǎn)時(shí)間+ when…..
It was +時(shí)間狀語+ that …..(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意識(shí)到他處境危險(xiǎn)(動(dòng)作已發(fā)生)
It will be half a year before you graduate from the school. 還有半年你才從這個(gè)學(xué)校畢業(yè)(動(dòng)作未發(fā)生)
It is 3 years since he worked here.
It was 3 o’clock when they received the telephone.(時(shí)間狀語從句)
It was at 3 o’clock that they received the telephone.
3. more…than… 與其說…倒不如…(= not as/ so……..as……)
more than=not only 不僅僅……..
It is more like a meeting than like a party.
它與其說是一個(gè)聚會(huì)，不如說是一個(gè)會(huì)議。
Mr. Zhang is more than my teacher, he is also my best friend.
張先生不僅僅是我的老師，他還是我的朋友。
4. once… 一旦…...
Once you understand what the teacher explained, you will have no difficulty doing the work.
Once you have decided to do something, you should finish it and do it well.
5. The +比較級(jí)…，the +比較級(jí)… 越……, 越……
The more books you read, the more knowledge you will get.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
6. as if/ as though… 好像...(表示與事實(shí)相反，用虛擬;若表示即將成為事實(shí)或有可能成為事實(shí)，則用陳述語氣。)
He was in great trouble, but he acted as if nothing had happened.
Although they just met for the first time, they talked as if they had been friends for many years.
The clouds are gathering. It looks as if it is going to rain.
7. n./adj./adv./v. + as/though +主語+謂語，盡管...，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。
Child as he is, I already know what career I want to follow.
Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with his idea.
8. whether….or…. 無論…還是…
Whether the weather is good or bad, they will set off as they planned.
Any person, whether young or old, has his own worth.
9. 特殊疑問詞+ever = no matter+特殊疑問詞, 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句或名詞性從句。
Whichever(=No matter which) you like, you can take it away.( 讓步狀語從句)
You can take away whichever(=any one that) you like.(賓語從句)
Whoever breaks the law, he will certainly be punished. ( 讓步狀語從句)
Whoever breaks the law will certainly be punished. ( 名詞性從句)
10. if/as long as/so long as/ providing that/ provided that/ supposing that/on condition that 如果/只要/假如…
I will lend you money on condition that you can return it within 3 months.
11.given that/ considering that 考慮到….., 鑒于……
Given her interest in children/Given that she is interested in children, I’m sure teaching is the right career for her.
12. in case that/ in case of… 萬一…
In case of fire, please dial 119 at once.
In case that John comes/John should come, tell him to wait.
13. 祈使句+ or/otherwise +結(jié)果句;祈使句+ and +結(jié)果句
Stop doing such foolish thing, or you will be punished in time.
More effort, and the problem would have been settled.
Think it over, and you will find the answer.
14. so/ such……..that…….引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，須注意當(dāng)名詞前有many, much, little, few修飾時(shí), 用so不用such。
The westerners eat so much fat and sugar that they put on weight easily.
There are so few fish in the lake that we couldn’t fish them easily.
當(dāng)主從句主語一致時(shí)可與動(dòng)詞不定式相互轉(zhuǎn)換,即變成so/such…….as to do結(jié)構(gòu)。
The westerners eat so much fat and sugar as to put on weight easily.
15. so that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句
so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句時(shí)常與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用(= in order that)。
He turned up the radio a little so that he could hear the news clearly.
He turned up the radio a little so as to hear the news clearly.
16.can never/can’t 與too, too much, enough, over- 搭配表示“無論怎樣…都不過分”
While you are doing your homework, you can’t be careful enough.
He is such a great man that we can’t praise him too much.
William Hartley was handsome, determined and hardworking. In a word, I couldn’t speak too highly of him.
The development of society has made it necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English, so we can’t overemphasize the importance of learning English.
Since it is a good thing, we can’t do it too soon.
17. 不定式作主語，it作形式主語。
It +系動(dòng)詞+adj./n.+ for sb. to do (sb.表示動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)
It +系動(dòng)詞+adj.+ of sb. to do (sb.既表示動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，又表示人所具備的性質(zhì)或特征)
It’s important for us to have a good knowledge of English.
How rude of him to treat a child like that!
It’s thoughtful of him to fix us up for the night.
18. 不定式作賓語，it作形式賓語。
主語+think/consider/believe/ make/ feel+ it +adj./n. +for sb./ of sb. +to do sth.
I feel it foolish of him to believe such a man.
The timely rain had made it possible for the crops to grow well.
19. won’t/ can’t have sb. doing/done 不能容忍某行為發(fā)生
You are too rude, and I won’t have you speaking to Mother like that again.
We can’t have anything done against the school rules.
20. It is said/thought/ hoped/ believed...that...=sb. is said/thought/hoped/believed to do…..
It is said that he is studying abroad.--> He is said to be studying abroad.
It is considered that many countries highly value China’s role in helping world’s peace.=Many countries is considered to highly value China’s role in helping world’s peace.
21. had hoped to do=hoped to have done表示過去原打算干卻未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、打算或意圖。類似的動(dòng)詞還有：expect, think, intend, design, plan, mean, suppose等。
I had hoped to travel to London this summer，but I was too busy.
22. How did sb come to do...? = How come that….為什么會(huì)…../……是怎么回事?表示要求對(duì)所發(fā)生的事情說明理由或做出解釋。
How did you come to find out where she’s living?= How come that you found out….
你是怎么打聽到她住在哪兒的?
How come that you sat there ,doing nothing?為什么坐在那兒什么也不干?
23. It is (not ) like sb. to do… ...(不)像某人的所作所為
It’s like him to answer for what he has done.敢對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)，這是他的一貫作風(fēng)。
It’s not like him to have been so rude to his mother.
24. when it comes to… 當(dāng)談到或涉及到…
He is a man of few words, but when it comes to playing computer, he will be excited and full of energy.
When it comes to helping his wife with the housework, John never complains.
25. every time/ each time/ next time/ the first time/ any time等短語引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，表示“...次的時(shí)候”。
Every time you meet with new words while reading, don’t always refer to your dictionary.
Next time you come , do remember to bring your son here.
You are welcome to come back any time you want to.
26. There is (no) need to do…/for...=It is ( not ) necessary for sb. to do…
There is ( no ) hope/chance/possibility of doing…
There is( no )difficulty/trouble/point/delay( in )doing...
Is there any chance of us/our winning the match?
There is no point(意義)in discussing the problem again.
27. It is up to sb. to do sth. 應(yīng)由某人來做某事……..
——When shall we start out?
——It’s up to you to decide.
It’s up to you to babysit my so while I am away on business.
28.be up to sth. 忙于…..., 從事…..., 勝任.…..
John isn’t really up to that job. 約翰不適合干那項(xiàng)工作。
What have you been up to recently? 最近你一直在忙些什么?
29. It is time to do/It is time that +主語+動(dòng)詞的一般過去式 該是做…..的時(shí)候了
It is time that we ended the discussion.
30. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句基本構(gòu)成形式：It is/ was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ who/that+原句剩余部分
I met him in the street yesterday afternoon.
It was I who/ that met him in the street yesterday afternoon.(強(qiáng)調(diào)是我，不是別人)
It was him who/that I met in the street yesterday afternoon.( 強(qiáng)調(diào)我遇見的是他，不是別人)
It was in the street that I met him yesterday afternoon.( 強(qiáng)調(diào)是在大街上，不是在別的地方，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是地點(diǎn)，但不用where)
It was yesterday afternoon that I met him in the street (強(qiáng)調(diào)是昨天下午，不是在別的時(shí)候, 強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時(shí)間，但不用when)