高級(jí)英語語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)
高級(jí)英語語法重點(diǎn)總結(jié)
高級(jí)英語語法講解比起初級(jí)語法來相對(duì)來說比較深入剖析。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的高級(jí)英語語法，供大家參閱!
高級(jí)英語語法：定語從句
一 、定語從句的回顧
定語從句兩種連接詞：關(guān)系代詞&關(guān)系副詞
關(guān)系代詞：that、which、who 關(guān)系副詞：when、where、why(一般不可省略)
eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.(that充當(dāng)主語)
eg. The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist. (who充當(dāng)賓語)
eg. This is the right/very() book that you are looking for. (that充當(dāng)賓語)
關(guān)系代詞在從句中只能充當(dāng)主語或賓語
二、關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)賓語的時(shí)候：可以直接省略，而從句不發(fā)生任何形式的改變
三、關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)主語
(1)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)為實(shí)詞：關(guān)系代詞進(jìn)行省略，從句中實(shí)詞要發(fā)生形式的改變。若原從句是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，則動(dòng)詞直接變成ing形式，若原從句謂語動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，則可以直接保留過去的分詞。
eg. Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.= Fruit containing vitamin C can relieve a cold.
eg. I have a dog which is called King.= I have a dog called King.
(2)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)為be + 名詞：可將be動(dòng)詞同時(shí)省略，將后面的名詞和前面從句所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成同位語結(jié)構(gòu)。
eg. I know YU Minhong who is the president of New Oriental School.
= I know YU Minhong, the president of New Oriental School.
四、先行詞為the way，后邊的關(guān)系代詞可以使that，in which或者不加任何關(guān)系代詞。
eg. I like the way you talk.
高級(jí)英語語法：狀語從句
一、主句和從句的助于保持一致，稱為分詞作狀語。
(1)條件：狀語從句，前后主語一致
(2)形式：分詞作狀語在句首+分詞作狀語在句后
(3)省略方式：省略從句的主語，關(guān)系詞(可保留)+動(dòng)詞形式變化(主動(dòng)語態(tài)-ing/被動(dòng)語態(tài)-ed)
(一)時(shí)間狀語從句：when、after、as soon as
eg. When the mouse saw the cat, it ran off = (when) Seeing the cat , the mouse ran off.
(二)原因狀語從句
eg. As she was very weak, she couldn’t move. = Being very weak , she couldn’t move.
(三)條件狀語從句
eg. If you work hard, you will succeed. = Working hard , you will succeed.
eg. If we are united, we stand; if we divided, we fall. = United, we stand; divided, we fall.
(四)讓步狀語從句
eg. Although he lived miles away, he attended the course. = Although living miles away=Living miles away
(五)伴隨狀語從句
eg. He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.
eg. He came in, followed by his wife.
(六)方式狀語從句
eg. He came as we expected. =He came as (he was) expected.
(七)結(jié)果狀語從句 eg. He fired and killed one of the passers-by. = He fired, killing one of the passers-by.
高級(jí)英語語法
若前后主語不一致，則成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
1、構(gòu)成：分詞短語的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致。獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)只能作狀語，多用于書面語言。
(1)名詞/代詞+分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞&過去分詞)
eg. The boy ran quickly, his father following.(表伴隨情況，父親主動(dòng)跟隨)
eg. He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head.(one’s hands be acrossed)
(2)名詞/代詞+形容詞
eg. They started home, theirs minds full of plans for increasing production.
eg. He was silent for a moment, his lips tight.
(3)名詞/代詞+副詞
eg. He put on his socks, wrong side out.(表示補(bǔ)充說明)
eg. The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China.
(4)名詞/代詞+介詞(短語)
eg. She came in, a baby in her arms.
eg. He went off, gun in hand.
2、句中的作用
(1)表示時(shí)間
eg. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.
= After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.
(2)表示原因
eg. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
(3)表示原因
eg. (with) Weather permitting, we’ll go for outing tomorrow.
=If weather permitting, we’ll go for outing tomorrow.
(4)表示伴隨情況
eg. They walked though the forest, (with) an old hunter leading the way.
(5)表示補(bǔ)充說明
eg. He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.
=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.
3、獨(dú)立主格的變化
在帶有邏輯主語的分詞及其短語前加“with”
虛擬語氣
【1】if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣(與事實(shí)相反，過去&現(xiàn)在&將來)
if—如果(可能發(fā)生&不可能發(fā)生)
If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.(主將從現(xiàn))
(1)表示與過去事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句中應(yīng)使用had+過去分詞，主句中用would，could，might +have+過去分詞
eg. If you had got there earlier, you would have caught the bus.
(2)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句中所有的be都有were，動(dòng)詞都要用過去式，主句中用would，could，might +動(dòng)詞原形 eg. If there were no air, people would die.
eg. If I had wings, I would fly over the sea to see you.
(3)表示與將來事實(shí)相反時(shí)，從句中be變成were，動(dòng)詞變成should+動(dòng)詞原形，主句中用would，could，might +動(dòng)詞原形 eg. If it were Sunday tomorrow, we would not have an examination.
錯(cuò)綜虛擬語氣：eg. If you had followed my advice yesterday, you would know how to do it now.
倒裝形式的虛擬語氣：從句中出現(xiàn)助動(dòng)詞do或were，可以將if省略，將do或were提前
eg. Had you got there earlier yesterday(=if you had got…), you could have caught the bus.
eg. Were I you(=if I were you), I would help him.
【2】饅頭面條原理
當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)建議、命令、要求這三個(gè)單詞的時(shí)候，不管它是什么詞性，也不管其后接何種從句，從句中的動(dòng)詞都應(yīng)使用should+動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。
注：雖為虛擬語氣的一種用法，但后面的句子并不表示與事實(shí)相反。
常見表示建議、命令、要求的單詞：advice, suggest, propose, recommend; order, command; demand, require, insist, urge
eg. He suggested that we (should) go to tomorrow’s exhibition together.
eg. Mike’s uncle insisted that he (should) not live in this hotel.
注：suggest表“表明”義時(shí)不使用虛擬語氣。
eg. Her face suggested that she was ill. So I suggested that she (should) be sent to the nearest hospital immediately.
【3】固定句型
1、It is time that ...
It is time that sb. did sth.早該做某事了
It is (high/about) time that…
eg. It is time that you worked hard on English.
eg. It is already 5 o’clock now, don’t you think it is time we went home?
eg. I think it is high time that she made up her mind.
2、Would rather that .....
只要是與現(xiàn)在或過去相反，從句中be動(dòng)詞變成were，動(dòng)詞變?yōu)檫^去式。如果與過去相反，則用had+過去分詞。
eg. I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
eg.John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
eg. I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.
3、“It is (was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that+ (should) do……”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語氣
eg. It is necessary that we (should)have a walk now.
eg. It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.
eg. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.
eg. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.
4、as if，wish等后使用虛擬語氣
Although it is summer, it seems as if it were spring.
He wished we would go there with him.
(wish表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，hope表示可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望)
倒裝
全部倒裝:主謂賓構(gòu)成了正常的語序，把謂語動(dòng)詞提到了動(dòng)詞的前面，謂語動(dòng)詞直接發(fā)生在主語之前，那么就是全部倒裝。
1、當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞，謂語動(dòng)詞為go，come等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。如果是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的話，倒裝后要改為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 eg. The bus is coming here. Here comes the bus.
進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)在變?yōu)榈寡b的時(shí)候要變?yōu)橐话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)。
eg. Students went away. Away went students.
eg. The boy rushed out. Out rushed the boy.
here/away/out/ 在英語當(dāng)中稱作方位副詞或時(shí)間副詞。
eg. Then came the hour we had been looking forward to. 方位副詞或時(shí)間副詞置于句首
2、如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語，句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。
eg. The old man lives in the city center. In the city center lives the old man.
eg. A temple stands on the mountain. On the mountain stands a temple.
3、當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，把be 動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語動(dòng)詞，主語放在后面。
eg. Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 18. On the floor lies a boy aged about 18.
eg. Sitted on the ground are a group of young people.
eg. 訪問北京的是300名日本青年。/ 300名日本青年正在訪問北京。
300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing.
Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people.
部分倒裝：主謂賓保持原來的形式，謂語動(dòng)詞的助動(dòng)詞放到主語的前面。
1、當(dāng)句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時(shí)，這個(gè)句子就需要部分倒裝
這類詞語有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。
eg. He never smokes. 他從來不抽煙。Never does he smoke.
eg. Not only did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
這位顧客不僅僅 抱怨食物不好，還拒絕付費(fèi)。
eg. Under no circumstance do I trust you.在任何情況下我都不會(huì)相信你。
2、當(dāng)句首為only加狀語的時(shí)候，這個(gè)句子需要部分倒裝。
eg. Only with you can I feel happy.
eg. Only when you come, can we start the meeting.
只有當(dāng)你來了這，我們才可以開始會(huì)議。
3、so......that 結(jié)構(gòu)中的so位于句首時(shí)，常引起部分倒裝
eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him.
他跑得實(shí)在是太快了，以致于我都沒有辦法追上他。
So fast does he run that I can't catch up with him.
eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day.
皓月當(dāng)空，花朵就像白天那樣的鮮艷。
So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day.
4、句子開頭的as 處在第二個(gè)單詞的位置上，表示雖然的意思。(表讓步)
eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. 雖然我很小但是我卻能養(yǎng)活自己了。
Young as I am, I can live by myself.
eg. Although she is a girl, she can support the whole family.
雖然她是個(gè)女孩，但是她卻可以養(yǎng)活整個(gè)家庭的人。
Girl as she is, she can support the whole family.
eg. Although I like music very much,.... Much as I like music,.....
5、常見的固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu)中需要用倒裝的情況。
(1)hardly/ scarcely.....when.... 一......就......
hardly，scarcely 后面一定要用過去完成時(shí)，when 后面用一般過去時(shí)。
eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑開了。
eg. Hardly had the baby cried when his mother rushed to carry him.
嬰兒一哭，他媽媽就跑去抱他。
(2)no sooner....than..... 一......就......
no sooner 后面一定要用過去完成時(shí)，than 的后面用一般過去時(shí)。
eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他們一到家，雨就越下越大起來。
(3)the more ......the more... 越....越....
eg. The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，就越覺得快樂。
總結(jié)：倒裝分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。
全部倒裝：
?、佼?dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞，謂語動(dòng)詞為go，come等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。
② 如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語，句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。 ③ 當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，
把be 動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語動(dòng)詞，主語放在后面。
部分倒裝：
1、當(dāng)句首狀語為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時(shí)，這個(gè)句子就需要部分倒裝 。
2、當(dāng)句首為only加狀語的時(shí)候，這個(gè)句子需要部分倒裝。
3、so......that 結(jié)構(gòu)中的so位于句首時(shí)，常引起部分倒裝 。
4、句子開頭的as 處在第二個(gè)單詞的位置上，表示雖然的意思。
5、常見的固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu)中需要用倒裝的情況。
hardly.....when....; scarcely .....when..... ;no sooner....than.....： hardly，scarcely，no sooner 后面一定要用過去完成時(shí)，when 后面用一般過去時(shí);the more ......the more... 越....越.... ;
否定：
eg. All the birds can not fly.
Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鳥都會(huì)飛。
1. 部分否定
eg. All the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鳥都會(huì)飛。
None of the birds can fly. 所有的鳥都不會(huì)飛。
表示全部意思的代詞或副詞如all, both, every, everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere等與not搭配使用時(shí)，無論not在前還是在后，都表示部分否定，意思為“并非都是"等。
eg. All is not gold that glitters. = Not all is gold that glitters. 發(fā)光的并非都是金子。
2. 全部否定
英語中常用not, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表示全部否定的概念。
eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上無難事，只怕有心人。
雙重否定：
1.在一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞：not, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little, none等，雙重否定表示肯定的概念。 eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself.
A person can command others who command himself. 正人先正己。
eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.
如果沒有能力進(jìn)行批判性思維，維護(hù)自己的觀點(diǎn)，并理解他人的觀點(diǎn)，他們就不能充分的參與我們的民主政治中來。
2.形式否定，意義肯定
eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一個(gè)男人可以擁有很多的領(lǐng)帶。
A woman can never have too many dresses. 一個(gè)女人擁有再多的衣服也不為過。
eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 對(duì)他的成就我們無論怎樣贊揚(yáng)也不過分。
eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一個(gè)母親對(duì)她的孩子再怎么耐心也不為過。
A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一個(gè)老師對(duì)他的學(xué)生再怎么嚴(yán)格也不為過。
3. 形式肯定，意義否定
?、賛ore A than B 意思為“A不是B;與其說是B，不如說是A”
eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 這本書看起來與其說是一本語法書，不如說是一本詞典。
He is more a composer than a singer. 與其說他是一個(gè)歌唱家不如說他是一個(gè)創(chuàng)作者。
?、?anything but 意思為“一點(diǎn)都不是，根本不是，絕對(duì)不是”
eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一個(gè)老師。
eg. I will do anything but that. 我決不干那件事。
?、?no more ...than 與 not more ....than
no more ...than意為“兩者都不....” not more....than 意為“兩者都肯定，前者不如后者”
eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 這本書和那本書一樣特別沒趣。
eg. This book is not more interesting than that one. 這本書不如那本書有趣。
eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 這兩男孩都很誠(chéng)實(shí)，前面的男孩不如后面的男孩誠(chéng)實(shí)。
This boy is no more honest than that one. 這兩個(gè)男孩都不誠(chéng)實(shí)。
?、?no more than與 not more than
no more than 強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”，譯作“只有、不過、僅僅” not more than 是客觀敘述，意為“不超過”。
eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是說了我們所預(yù)料的而已。
eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 雖然他們認(rèn)為完成這任務(wù)只需三天，但我卻認(rèn)為至少需要六天。
eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他身上帶的錢不超過五美元。
eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超過10歲。
總結(jié)：
1. 部分否定
2. 全部否定
3. 雙重否定：①在一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞;②形式否定，意義肯定
4. 形式肯定，意義否定
5. no more .... than與 not more ....than ;no more than與 not more than
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