高中英語語法講解
高中英語語法講解
高中英語語法的知識點，讓我們一個一個的展開學(xué)習(xí)。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的高中英語語法，供大家參閱!
高中英語語法：疑問句
反意疑問句
一.反意疑問句的分類:
1.第一類反意疑問句由兩部分組成, 前一部分作陳述; 后一部分提問, 起證實或反證作用, 或只表示疑問語調(diào)的作用, 其肯定或否定與前一部分相反. 這一類反意疑問句實際上不表示疑問, 也并不一定要求對方回答
a. You haven’t done your homework, have you ?
b. You will be away for long, won’t you ?
2.第二類反意疑問句也由兩部分組成, 前一部分作肯定的陳述, 用肯定形式, 后一部分提問也用肯定形式, 表示說話人對第一部分的陳述的真實性有所懷疑, 請對方加以證實
a. He teaches English, does he ?
二.應(yīng)注意的問題:
1.疑問部分的主語與陳述部分的主語的對應(yīng):
?、?陳述部分是there be結(jié)構(gòu)時, 疑問部分用be(not) ther提問
a. There is no doubt about it, is there ?
b. There are hundreds of students on the playground, aren’t there ?
②.陳述部分的主語是everyone, someone, anyone, no one等表示人的不定代詞時, 疑問部分主語多用they, 也可用he
a. Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he ? / Everyone knows their jobs, don’t they ?
?、?陳述部分的主語是everything, nothing, something等表示物的不定代詞時, 疑問部分的主語用it.
a. Everything goes very well, doesn’t it ?
?、?陳述部分的主語是each時, 如果強調(diào)單個, 疑問部分的主語用單數(shù)代詞; 如果強調(diào)全體, 疑問部分的主語用復(fù)數(shù)代詞
a. Each of the students has his own desk, doesn’t he ?
b. Each of the students passed the exam, didn’t they ?
c. Each of the pens has a red cap, doesn’t it ?
?、?陳述部分的主語是不定式, 動名詞, 詞組或從句時, 疑問部分的主語用it
a. To drive a car is not easy, is it ?
b. Seeing is believing, isn’t it ?
c. That you are leaving soon is true, isn’t it ?
?、?陳述部分的主語是this , that, these, those時, 疑問部分的主語要用it 或they
a. This is very important, isn’t it ?
b. These are the books you bought yesterday, aren’t they ?
2.疑問部分的不完全動詞與陳述部分的不完全動詞的對應(yīng):
①.陳述部分沒有不完全動詞(即謂語中只有實義動詞)時, 疑問部分用do的某形式來提問
a. He likes English very much, doesn’t he ?
b. He went to the cinema last Sunday, didn’t he ?
c. You have learned English for eight years, haven’t you ?
?、?陳述部分的謂語是used to do(過去經(jīng)常)時, 疑問部分既可用used, 也可用did提問
a. He used to live in London, usedn’t / didn’t he ?
?、?若在陳述部分將need / dare / have作為不完全動詞使用, 則疑問部分仍用need / dare / have提問; 若在陳述部分將need / dare / have作為實義動詞來用, 則疑問部分用do的某一形式提問
a. We need to do it right now, don’t we ?
b. We needn’t do it right now, need we ?
c. You have finished your homework, haven’t you ?
d. You have a computer of you own, don’t you ?
④.陳述部分有must表示 “一定是, 肯定是”的推測意義時, 疑問部分不用must提問, 而要根據(jù)must所表示的時間, 用do / be的某一形式來提問, 具體對應(yīng)情況見下表:
陳述部分謂語形式
含義
疑問部分用來提問的不完全動詞
must do / be
一般情況或現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)
do, am / is / are
must be doing
正在發(fā)生的情況
am / is / are
must have done
過去發(fā)生的情況
did
a. He must be a student in this school, isn’t he ?
b. You must be tired, aren’t you ?
c. They must be doing their lessons right now, aren’t they ?
d. You must have met him at the party yesterday, didn’t you ?
?、?陳述部分有must表示“有必要”時, 疑問部分用needn’t提問
a. You must go home right now, needn’t you ?
3.其他問題:
?、?陳述部分謂語出現(xiàn)有否定詞綴的動詞時, 疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)
a. He is unfit for his office, isn’t he ?
②.陳述部分含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時, 疑問部分要用肯定形式
a. He hardly knows English, does he ?
?、?陳述部分的主語是I時, 疑問部分中否定常用aren’t I.
a. I am your friend, aren’t I ?
?、?陳述部分是I ( don’t ) think / believe / suppose / expect that….(即“否定轉(zhuǎn)移句”)時, 疑問部分要根據(jù)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句來作
a. I think he can finish the work, can’t he ?
b. I don’t think he can finish the work, can he ?
陳述部分謂語形式含義疑問部分用來提問的不完全動詞
must do / be一般情況或現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)do, am / is / are
must be doing正在發(fā)生的情況am / is / are
must have done過去發(fā)生的情況did
a. He must be a student in this school, isn’t he ?
b. You must be tired, aren’t you ?
c. They must be doing their lessons right now, aren’t they ?
d. You must have met him at the party yesterday, didn’t you ?
?、?陳述部分有must表示“有必要”時, 疑問部分用needn’t提問
a. You must go home right now, needn’t you ?
3.其他問題:
?、?陳述部分謂語出現(xiàn)有否定詞綴的動詞時, 疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)
a. He is unfit for his office, isn’t he ?
?、?陳述部分含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時, 疑問部分要用肯定形式
a. He hardly knows English, does he ?
?、?陳述部分的主語是I時, 疑問部分中否定常用aren’t I.
a. I am your friend, aren’t I ?
?、?陳述部分是I ( don’t ) think / believe / suppose / expect that….(即“否定轉(zhuǎn)移句”)時, 疑問部分要根據(jù)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句來作
a. I think he can finish the work, can’t he ?
b. I don’t think he can finish the work, can he ?
第二十章：直接引語與間接引語
一.直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換:
1.直接引語是陳述句, 變成間接引語時將陳述句變成that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
a. Mary said, “ I arrived yesterday.” =Mary said that she had arrived the day before.
b. Alice said, “ I’ve just got a letter from my father.” =Alice said that she had just got a letter from her father.
2.直接引語是一般疑問句, 變成間接引語時, 把一般疑問句變成由if / whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 同時將語序改成陳述語序, said變成asked, asked后沒有間接賓語時, 要加一個間接賓語如me / him /her等
a. Jane asked Tom, “ Have you finished writing the report ?” =Jane asked Tom if / whether he had finished writing the report.
b. Jane asked Dick, “ Have you finished writing the report ?” =Jane asked Dick if / whether he had finished writing the report.
3.直接引語是特殊疑問句, 變成間接引語時, 特殊疑問句變成由原疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 同時變成陳述語序
a. “What are you doing Jack ?” Mary asked. =Mary asked him what he was doing.
b. They asked him, “ When do you harvest the wheat ?” =They asked him when he harvested the wheat.
c. “When did you leave Shanghai ?” Peter asked me. =Peter asked me when I left Shanghai.
4.直接引語是祈使句, 變成間接引語時, 把祈使句變成一個不定式短語, 同時根據(jù)不同的口氣選用適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語動詞, 構(gòu)成ask / tell / order sb (not) to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)
a. “Don’t come late again.” he said. =He told me not to come late again.
b. “Turn the oil over, please.” He said. =He asked me to turn the soil over.
c. The farmer said, “ Don’t grow plants in the same place year after year.” =The farmer told me not to grow plants in the same place year after year.
二.應(yīng)注意的問題: 在直接引語變成間接引語時要注意以下問題
1.人稱代詞, 物主代詞要作相應(yīng)的變化, 這方面的變化與漢語的習(xí)慣完全相同
a. He said, “ I like it very much.” =He said that he liked it very much.
b. He said, “ I have left my book in your room.” =He said he had left his book in my room.
2.時態(tài)的變化: 如果主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時, 直接引語變成間接引語時, 從句的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化(見下表); 如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時, 從句的時態(tài)無需變化
直接引語間接引語
一般現(xiàn)在時He said, “ I am afraid I can’t finish this work”一般過去時He said that he was afraid he couldn’t finish that work
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時He said, “ I am using the knife.”過去進(jìn)行時He said that he was using the knife.
現(xiàn)在完成時She said, “ I have not heard from him since May.”過去完成時She said that she had not heard from him since May.
一般過去時He said, “ I came to help you.”過去完成時He said that he had come to help me.
過去完成時He said, “ I had finished my homework before supper.”過去完成時He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
一般將來時Zhou Lan said, “ I will do it after class.”過去將來時Zhou Lan said that she would do it after class.
3.某些指示代詞, 時間狀語, 地點狀語和動詞要做相應(yīng)的變化:
直接引語間接引語
this She said, “ I will come this morning.”thatShe said that she would go that morning.
theseHe said, “ These books are mine.”thoseHe said that those books were his.
nowHe said, “ It is nine o’clock now.”thenHe said that it was nine o’clock then.
todayHe said, “ I haven’t seen her today.”that dayHe said that he hadn’t seen her that day.
yesterdayShe said, “ I went there yesterday.”the day beforeShe said that she had gone there the day before.
tomorrowShe said, “ I will go there tomorrow.”the next / following dayShe said that she would go there the next day.
hereHe said, “ My sister was here three days ago.”thereHe said that his sister had been there three days before.
comeShe said, “ I will come here this evening.”goShe said that she would go there that evening.
agoHe said, “ I went there three days ago.”beforeHe said that he had gone there three days before.
last nightHe said, “ I saw the film last night.”the night beforeHe said that he had seen the film the night before.
next weekHe said, “ The meeting will be held next week.”the next weekHe said that the meeting would be held the next week.
4.直接引語如果是客觀真理, 變?yōu)殚g接引語時, 時態(tài)不變, 如:
a. He said, “ Light travels much faster than sound.” =He said that light travels much faster than sound.
5.如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述, here不必改為there, come不必改為go, yesterday / tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變
高中英語語法：主謂倒裝
一.總述: 參看 “語法框架”中 “前置與倒裝”部分
二.倒裝主要用于以下情形之下:
1.含有否定含義的連詞或副詞或詞組(如: not, not only, never, little, seldom, hardly, hardly...when..., no sooner... than... , at no time, neither, nor, never before, not until等)位于句首時, 常用部分倒裝的語序
a. Not a single mistake did he make in the exam.
b. Never shall I forget day when I was with her.
c. Not only can he play the piano, but he also can write songs.
d. Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.
e. Little does she know what may happen.
f. Seldom have I met her recently.
g. Not until after the war did he return home.
h. No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain heavily.
not only...but also...連接兩個主語時, not only即使是在句首, 也不用倒裝語序
a. Not only the students but also the teachers went there to listen to the lecture.
2.由于主語太長或為了強調(diào)而將地點狀語(多為介詞短語)或表語前置時, 多用全部倒裝的語序
a. In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.
b. Outside the classroom stood a boy.
c. Behind the farmhouse was a big tree.
d. On the blackboard were the words written in English: “Welcome to our class !”
e. Under the big tree was sitting an old farmer.
f. At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
3.only修飾的狀語位于句首時, 用部分倒裝的語序
a. Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
b. Only in this way can you learn it by heart.
c. Only after the country was liberated in 1949 was he able to live a happy life.
4.有時為強調(diào)或表達(dá)生動, 將now, here, there, out, in, up, down, away等副詞前置, 句子用全部倒裝的語序
a. Now comes your turn.
b. Here comes the taxi.
c. There goes the bell.
d. Out rushed the school boys.
e. Away flew the birds.
f. Down came the rain.
g. The door burst open and in rushed a stranger.
在以上情況下, 當(dāng)主語為代詞時, 主謂不倒裝
a. There it is.
b. Away he went.
5.用于以so開頭表示 “也…”, 以neither / nor開頭表示 “也不…”的句型
①.句型 “so+不完全動詞+主語”表示 “也…”, 即上文所述的肯定情況對于本句的主語來說也是如此
a. They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday. So did we.
b. He has been to the Great Wall. So have I.
?、?句型 “neither / nor+不完全動詞+主語”表示 “也不…”, 即上文所述的否定情況對于本句的主語來說也不如此
a. I didn’t do my homework yesterday evening. Neither / Nor did he.
b. The students are not in the classroom. Neither / Nor was the teacher.
6.直接引語前置時, 如果主語是名詞, 常用全部倒裝的語序; 如果主語是代詞, 往往不用倒裝語序
a. “You all did well in the exam.” said the teacher.
b. “Who are you looking for?” she asked / asked Mary.
c. “That is unfair !” shouted the man / he shouted.
7.用于以were, had, should等詞開頭的虛擬條件句(參看 “虛擬語氣”部分)
a. Had you asked me, I would have told you everything. =If you had asked me, I would have told you everything.
b. Were he here, we would be able to solve the problem. =If he were here, we would be able to solve the problem.
c. Should you change your mind, let me know. =If you should change your mind, let me know.
8.在so…that…和such…as…的句型中, so / such前置時, 句子要用部分倒裝的語序
a. So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it. =The lake is so shallow that no fish can live in it.
b. Such a good student was he that everyone liked him. =He was such a good student that everyone liked him.
三.應(yīng)注意的問題: 注意倒裝句中的主謂一致問題. 因為在倒裝句中, 主語不在句首, 因此首先要弄清句子的主語是什么, 再確定謂語的形式
a. On the wall hangs a large picture.
b. Here are some books about English language learning.
c. Such were his words.
a. There it is.
b. Away he went.
5.用于以so開頭表示 “也…”, 以neither / nor開頭表示 “也不…”的句型
①.句型 “so+不完全動詞+主語”表示 “也…”, 即上文所述的肯定情況對于本句的主語來說也是如此
a. They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday. So did we.
b. He has been to the Great Wall. So have I.
?、?句型 “neither / nor+不完全動詞+主語”表示 “也不…”, 即上文所述的否定情況對于本句的主語來說也不如此
a. I didn’t do my homework yesterday evening. Neither / Nor did he.
b. The students are not in the classroom. Neither / Nor was the teacher.
6.直接引語前置時, 如果主語是名詞, 常用全部倒裝的語序; 如果主語是代詞, 往往不用倒裝語序
a. “You all did well in the exam.” said the teacher.
b. “Who are you looking for?” she asked / asked Mary.
c. “That is unfair !” shouted the man / he shouted.
7.用于以were, had, should等詞開頭的虛擬條件句(參看 “虛擬語氣”部分)
a. Had you asked me, I would have told you everything. =If you had asked me, I would have told you everything.
b. Were he here, we would be able to solve the problem. =If he were here, we would be able to solve the problem.
c. Should you change your mind, let me know. =If you should change your mind, let me know.
8.在so…that…和such…as…的句型中, so / such前置時, 句子要用部分倒裝的語序
a. So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it. =The lake is so shallow that no fish can live in it.
b. Such a good student was he that everyone liked him. =He was such a good student that everyone liked him.
三.應(yīng)注意的問題: 注意倒裝句中的主謂一致問題. 因為在倒裝句中, 主語不在句首, 因此首先要弄清句子的主語是什么, 再確定謂語的形式
a. On the wall hangs a large picture.
b. Here are some books about English language learning.
c. Such were his words.
高中英語語法：狀語從句
一.定義: 在句中作狀語的從句就叫做狀語從句
二.分類: 狀語從句包括以下八類
1.時間狀語從句: 由when, while, as, before, after, since, till / until, as soon as等引導(dǎo)
a. I shall tell him the good news when he comes.
2.原因狀語從句: 由because, as, since, for等引導(dǎo)
a. He didn’t hear me because he was listening to the radio.
b. Since you are free today, you had better show me how to use the computer.
3.地點狀語從句: 由where等引導(dǎo)
a. Please put the book where it was after you finish reading it.
4.條件狀語從句: 由if, unless等引導(dǎo)
a. I will come to see you if I have time on Sunday.
5.比較或方式狀語從句: 由than, as, as if, as...as...等引導(dǎo)
a. I know you do better than he does.
b. The old worker runs very fast as if he were a young man.
6.目的狀語從句: 由so that, in order that等引導(dǎo)
a. They set out early so that they could arrive at the station in good time.
7.結(jié)果狀語從句: 由so, so that, so / such...that...等引導(dǎo)
a. They set out early so that they arrived at the station in good time.
b. He finished his work so well that the boss praised him in public.
8.讓步狀語從句: 由though / although, even if, whatever, whoever, whenever, no matter what / who等引導(dǎo)
a. He is in very good health though he is old.
b. They didn’t stop working even if it began to rain hard.
三.應(yīng)注意的問題:
1.時間和條件狀語從句中常用一般時代替將來時
a. I will go and see a film if I have time tomorrow.
b. I will tell the about it as soon as he comes back.
c. He said he would go out for a walk when he finished his work.
2.狀語從句中可有省略: 在一個含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句中, 如果主句和狀語從句的主語相同, 或狀語從句的主語是it, 并且狀語從句的謂語含有be動詞時, 可以將狀語從句的主語和be一起省略掉
a. As (she was ) a child, she began to learn English.
b. If ( he was ) alive, he must be at least ninety years old.
c. Although ( he was ) told to stop, he kept on working.
d. If ( it is) necessary, ring me up.
e. He didn’t say a single word until ( he was ) asked.
3.as和than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中, 從句中和主句中相同的部分往往省略, 從句中只剩下比較對象
a. He is a head taller than I ( am tall ).
than之后的人稱代詞是主格或賓格時, 有時意思不同, 如:
a. She likes the dog more than me.=She likes the dog more than she likes me.她喜歡狗比喜歡我更多
b. She likes the dog more than I.=She likes the dog more than I like the god. 她比我更喜歡狗
4.含有no sooner…than…和hardly / barely / scarcely …when…的句子相當(dāng)于含有as soon as…引導(dǎo)的時間狀語的句子. no sooner或 hardly放在句首時, 主謂要部分倒裝
a. He had no sooner seen the policeman than he ran away. =No sooner had he seen the policeman than he ran away. =He ran away as soon as he saw the policemen.
b. He had hardly sat down when the telephone rang. =Hardly had he sat down when the telephone rang. =The telephone rang as soon as he sat down.
5.immediately, directly, instantly等詞也可以作為連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句, 相當(dāng)于as soon as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語
a. I went to see him immediately I heard from him. =I went to see him as soon as I heard from him.
6.the moment, the minute, the second引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句, 相當(dāng)于as soon as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語
a. He let out a cry the moment he saw the snake.=He let out a cry as soon as he saw the snake.
7.each time, every time, any time, last time, next time, first time可以引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句
a. They shake hands with each other each time they meet.
8.since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中, 若謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞, 則其過去時表示動作的完成或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束
a. It is five years since he lived here. 他不住這里己有五年了
a. They shake hands with each other each time they meet.
8.since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中, 若謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞, 則其過去時表示動作的完成或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束
a. It is five years since he lived here. 他不住這里己有五年了
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