初中英語語法大全
初中英語語法大全
語法是語言學(xué)的一個分支,研究按確定用法來運用的"詞類"、"詞"的曲折變化或表示相互關(guān)系的其他手段以及詞在句中的功能和關(guān)系。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給大家整理的初中英語語法,供大家參閱!
初中英語語法:some和any的用法
some 的用法
some 一些,某些,某個??纱婷~和形容詞。常用于肯定句。在句子中用作主語、賓語、定語。作定語時,它可以修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
1. 用于肯定句
Ask some boys to help you.(修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
叫些男孩來幫助你。
Please bring some coffee.(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)
請拿些咖啡來。
Ask some girl to come here.(修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞)
叫(某)個女孩來這兒。
2. some 用于疑問句時表示“請求、邀請或希望得到肯定的回答”。
Would you like some coffee?(表示請求、邀請)
請喝咖啡。
Have you some stamps?(希望得到肯定的回答)
你有郵票吧?
any 的用法
any 一些,任何??纱婷~和形容詞。常用于否定句或疑問句,也可以用于條件狀語從句。作定語時,它可以修飾復(fù)數(shù)形式的可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
1. 用于疑問句或否定句
Are there any cows in the fields?(修飾復(fù)數(shù)形式的可數(shù)名詞)
田里有一些牛嗎?
There won't be any trouble.(修飾不可數(shù)名詞)
沒有任何麻煩。
2. 用于條件狀語從句
If there is any trouble, let me know.
如果有什么麻煩,要讓我知道。
3. any 用于肯定句時,通常要重讀,修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
Any time you want me, just send for me.
什么時候你需要我,隨時叫我來。
Come any day you like.
只要你喜歡,隨時可以來。
初中英語語法:動詞不定式
動詞不定式可以作以上各種成分,但它畢竟是動詞,所以有動詞的屬性。
動詞不定式及其短語還可以有自己的賓語、狀語,雖然動詞不定式在語法上沒有表面上的直接主語,但它表達(dá)的意義是動作,這一動作一定由使動者發(fā)出。這一使動者我們稱之為 邏輯主語,其形式如下:
(1)語態(tài)
如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者,不定式一般要用被動語態(tài)形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主語是被動語態(tài)to be invited是被邀請)
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主語)
I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作賓語)
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?(不定式作定語)
He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作狀語)
在There be結(jié)構(gòu)中,修飾主語的不定式可用被動,也可用主動。如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有時兩種形式表達(dá)的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
(2)時態(tài)
1) 現(xiàn)在時:一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生,有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時:表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進(jìn)行時:表示動作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進(jìn)行時:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
一般在情緒后加to do to do 也表將來
編輯本段疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中作主語、賓語、表 語等。如:
?、賅hen to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主語)
?、贛r. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做賓語)
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接賓語)
?、躎he question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表語)
以上例句中疑問詞+不定式部分,均可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的從句形式。如:①When we shall leave…③…how I
could learn…
經(jīng)常在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中使用的動詞有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
編輯本段語法功能一、作主語
動詞不定式作主語時,句子的謂語動詞常用單數(shù),其位置有以下兩種:
(1)把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
(2)用it作形式主語,把真正的主語不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
①It+be+名詞+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
?、贗t takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
?、跧t+be+形容詞+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an h
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.
?、躀t seems(appears)+形容詞+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客觀情況的形容詞,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚或批評的詞。在不定式前的sb,可看作其邏輯主語。這一句式有時相當(dāng)于Sb is+形容詞+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.
(3)舉例
(1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當(dāng)你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。
(2) It's very kind of him to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西,這顯得太自私了。
注意:(1) 其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
(2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數(shù)形式。
(3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is… to…的句型
(對)To see is to believe. 眼見為實。
(錯)It is to believe to see.
初中英語語法:動詞不規(guī)則變化
A. 原形與過去式和過去分詞完全相同.
cost----cost----cost cut----cut----cut put----put----put
let----let----let set----set----set hit----hit----hit
shut----shut----shut hurt---hurt----hurt read---read----read 讀音 /e/
lie---lied---lied 說謊 lay---laid---laid 放置,下蛋
lay--- lain 躺下,位于,平放
B. 過去式與過去分詞完全相同
1. 過去式和過去分詞中含有ought, aught, 讀音是〔 :t〕
bright----brought----brought think----thought----thought buy----bought----bought
catch----caught----caught teach ---- taught ----taught
2. 動詞原形中的e為o,變成過去式和過去分詞。
get----got----got sell----sold----sold tell----told----told
3. 動詞原形中i為a, … sit----sat----sat spit----spat----spat
4. 動詞原形中i為o, … win----won----won shine----shone/ shined----shone / shined
5. 動詞原形中an為oo, … stand----stood---stood understand----understood----understood
6. 動詞原形中的ay為ai,… say----said----said pay----paid----paid
7. a)動詞原形中的d為t,… send----sent----sent lend----lent----lent
spend----spent----spent build----built----built
b ) 動詞原形最后一個字母改為t , … smell----smelt----smelt lose----lost----lost
c ) 動詞原形后加一個字母t, … learn----learnt----learnt mean----meant----meant 讀/e/
d ) 動詞原形中的ee去掉一個字母e, 然后在詞尾加t. 字母e發(fā)音/e/
feel----felt----felt sleep----slept----slept sweep---swept----swept
keep---- kept----- kept
其它meet----met----met have----had----had hold----held----held
make----made----made dig----dug----dug hear----heard----heard
find----found----found hang----hung ----hung
C.原型與過去分詞相同
come----came----come run----ran----run become----became----become
D. 原形,過去式, 和 過去分詞完全不同
1. 把動詞原形中i改為a變成過去式,改成u變成過去分詞.
begin ---- began -----begun drink---drank----drunk ring----rang-----rung
swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung
2. 把動詞原形中o改為e變成過去式,在原形詞尾加n變成過去分詞.
blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown know---knew---known
throw ---- threw ---- thrown fly ----flew /flu:/ ----flown ( 和以上相似)
3. 以下動詞的過去分詞都以en結(jié)尾,故把它們分為一類.
a ) 把動詞原形中i改為o變成過去式,在詞尾加n變成過去分詞.
drive----drove----driven rise---rose---risen write---wrote---written (雙寫t )
ride----rode----ridden (雙寫d )
b ) 把動詞原形中ea改為o, 在詞尾加e變成過去式,在過去式后加n變成過去分詞.
speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen break----broke----broken
c ) 把動詞原形中的個別字母或字母組合改為o變成過去式, 在過去式后加n變成過去詞.
wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen
choose----chose----chosen forget----forgot----forgotten (雙寫t,加en )
d) 其它過去分詞以en結(jié)尾的動詞
eat----ate----eaten beat---- beat ---- beaten fall----fell----fallen
give----gave----given see----saw----seen take----took----taken
mistake---- mistook----- mistaken hide----hid----hidden (雙寫d )
E. 沒有過去分詞的動詞
can ----- could - may---- might - shall---- should- will ---- would -
其它
am, is ---- was----- been are-----were----- been do-----did----- done
draw-----drew----- drawn/ :/ go-----went----- gone show----showed----shown
wear--- wore ---- worn