漢語什么是及物動詞不及物動詞及物動詞和不及物動詞的區(qū)分
及物動詞雖是常見的動詞種類之一但其又具有特殊的一面,因?yàn)檫@樣的動詞一般后面必須跟賓語,有時候其結(jié)構(gòu)還相當(dāng)?shù)膹?fù)雜。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的漢語什么是及物動詞不及物動詞,歡迎閱讀。
漢語什么是及物動詞
在英語中按動詞后可否直接跟賓語,可以把動詞分成兩種:及物動詞與不及物動詞。字典里詞后標(biāo)有vi. 的就是不及物動詞。不及物動詞后不能直接跟有動作的對象(即賓語)。若要跟賓語,必須先在其后添加上某個介詞,如to,of ,at后方可跟上賓語。及物動詞可直接跟賓語。
所謂“及物”,“及”有“從后頭跟上、達(dá)到、關(guān)聯(lián)”等意,“及物”說明需要帶“物”來完成一個動作,也就是通常意義上的賓語,一般后面可直接加賓語的動詞,有被動形式;而不及物動詞是沒有被動式的,不可直接加賓語,需加上介詞,及物動詞后面可直接加賓語,而不及物動詞后面不可直接加賓語,一般要先加介詞后再接賓語。實(shí)際上很多動詞既是及物動詞,又是不及物動詞。0.0
及物動詞指可以接名詞·代詞·動名詞做賓語的動詞。
漢語什么是不及物動詞
按動詞后可否直接跟賓語,可把動詞分成及物動詞(表示為vt)和不及物動詞(表示為vi)。
后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實(shí)義動詞,叫做及物動詞,本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語的實(shí)義動詞,叫做不及物動詞。
及物動詞和不及物動詞的區(qū)分
概述
及物動詞 transitive verbs(vt.)
其實(shí)所謂“及物”,就是后面可直接加賓語的動詞,有被動形式,而不及物動詞是沒有被動式的,也不可直接加賓語,需加上介詞。 如see 看見 (vt.) +賓語 I can see a boy.
及物動詞后面可直接接賓語,不及物動詞后面不可直接接賓語,一般要加介詞后再接賓語。實(shí)際上很多動詞既是及物動詞,又是不及物動詞。舉一個例子,就說write。如I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一個句子write是不及物動詞,在后一個句子write是及物動詞。又如,see是及物動詞,但在特殊情況下如seeing is believing。 編輯本段示例
不及物動詞就是一個動作不能施加到另一個物體上,也就是后面不能加賓語。
例如:He is running. run這個動詞就是不及物動詞,后面不能加sth。(不能說跑什么東西)
分清及物不及物動詞:
分清動詞的及物不及物是在英語學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問題。動詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況:
a.主要用作及物動詞。
及物動詞后面必須跟賓語。可以用于:"主+謂+賓";"主+謂+雙賓";"主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
類似的還有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.... b.主要用作不及物的動詞。
不及物動詞后面不跟賓語。只能用于:"主+謂"結(jié)構(gòu)。 This is the room where I once lived.
類似的還有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞,其意義不變。 如begin 都是作"開始"講。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞,其意義完全不同。 這類動詞作不及物動詞是一個意義;而作及物動詞時卻是另一個意義。如lift作不及物動詞時是指煙霧的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動詞時是"升高;舉起"。
He lifted his glass and drank.
類似的還有:beat vi.跳動 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生長 vt. 種植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出(氣味) vt. 嗅 ring vi.(電話、鈴)響vt.打電話 speak vi.講話 vt. 說(語言) hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死 operate vi.動手術(shù) vt. 操作 在英語錯誤中,“及物動詞+介詞+賓語”(transitive
verb+preposition+object),是常見的一種。所謂及物動詞,就是謂語動詞(predicative verb),不必通過介詞引薦賓語。相反的,不及物動詞(intransitive verb)是不帶賓語的。有許多動詞,雖然性質(zhì)是及物的,但不一定要有賓語,如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形:
?、賏. We study every day.
b. Do you study English every day?
?、赼. Please write clearly next time.
b. Can you write your composition now?
如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動詞,就不會有賓語;若要賓語,就要借介詞之助,一起連用才行(不及物動詞+賓語+介詞),如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯的;
*③a. The children are listening the music.
b. The children are listening to the music.
*④a. She is laughing the crippled man.
b. She is laughing at the crippled man.
反之,及物動詞不必靠介詞,就可以帶賓語,如上述的①b和②b ,又如⑤和 ⑥:
?、?John is giving a book to me.
?、?Who will answer this question?
如果無意中把介詞加上,就錯了,如:
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子,也犯了同樣的錯:
“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.” “awaiting”是個及物動詞,后面的介詞“for”是多余的,要去掉;不然把“awaiting”改為“waiting for”也行。
許多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動詞后面,然后才帶出賓語。最常見的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”,如: ⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains ⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results. ⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.
顯然的,這三句里的介詞“on/upon”和“about”是多余的,不必要的。
編輯本段錯誤
● The young must obey to their elders.
● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.
● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.
● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.
● Do you hope to serve for your nation?
● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介詞“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才對。
為什么會有這些錯誤呢?主因是分不清楚及物動詞和不及物動詞的性質(zhì)。其次,就是對同一個動詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆。解決之道有二。第一,要把“及物動詞+賓語”和“不及物動詞+介詞+賓語”劃分 編輯本段及物動詞(vt)與不及物動詞(vi)的區(qū)別
及物動詞與不及物動詞的區(qū)別從是否需要賓語來分,實(shí)義動詞分為及物動詞和不及物動詞兩類。
1)及物動詞 后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的實(shí)義動詞,叫做及物動詞(transitive verb)。如:
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委員會將會考慮我們的建議。
“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里問:“這本書我可以借多久?”
2)不及物動詞 本身意義完整后面不須跟賓語的實(shí)義動詞,叫做不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。如:
Birds fly.鳥會飛。
It happened in June 1932.這件事發(fā)生于一九三;年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的會上發(fā)了言。
3)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞 英語里有不少實(shí)義動詞可以兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞。這樣的動詞又有兩種不同的情況:
a)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,意義不變。試比較:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻開始嗎?(begin作不及物動詞) She began working as a librarian after she left school.她畢業(yè)后當(dāng)圖書館管理員。(began作及物動詞)
When did they leave Chicago?他們是什么時候離開芝加哥的?(leave 作及物動詞)
They left last week. 他們是上周離開的。(left 作不及物動詞) b)兼作及物動詞和不及物動詞時,有時意義不盡相同。如: Wash your hands before meals.飯前要洗手。
Does this cloth wash well? 這布經(jīng)得起洗嗎?
4) 與漢語的比較 有時英語動詞的及物和不及物的用法,與漢語的用法不一樣,請注意下列兩種情況:
a)有的動詞在英語里只能用作不及物動詞,而漢語則可用作及物動詞,如arrive到達(dá),agree同意,1isten聽。英語里這些動詞后面常接介詞。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我們于中午到達(dá)火車站。(at不能省去)(比較:We reached the railway station at noon.) Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每個人都很有興趣地聽講課。(to不可省去)(比較:We all heard the lecture.) Do they agree to the plan?他們同意這個計劃嗎?(to不可省去) b)有的動詞在英語里能用作及物動詞,而在漢語里則不能用作及物動詞,如serve為„服務(wù)。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我們的兒童被教以全心全意為人民服務(wù)
及物動詞后可以加賓語,不及物動詞后不可以加賓語!
如果你想要分得仔細(xì)一點(diǎn)就看下面的講解和例句!!
(一、) 分清及物不及物:
分清動詞的及物不及物是在英語學(xué)習(xí)中必須解決的首要問題。動詞及物與不及物通常有以下幾種情況:
a.主要用作及物動詞。及物動詞后面必須跟賓語??梢杂糜冢?quot;主+謂+賓";"主+謂+雙賓";"主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)"結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
類似的還有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....
b.主要用作不及物的動詞。不及物動詞后面不跟賓語。只能用與:"主+謂"結(jié)構(gòu)。
This is the room where I once lived.
類似的還有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed.... c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞,其意義不變。如begin 都是作"開始"講。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 類似的還有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....
d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的動詞,其意義完全不同。 這類動詞作不及物動詞是一個意義;而作及物動詞時卻是另一個意義。如lift作不及物動詞時是指煙霧的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物動詞時是"升高;舉起"。
He lifted his glass and drank.
類似的還有:beat vi.跳動 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生長 vt. 種植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.發(fā)出(氣味) vt. 嗅 ring vi.(電話、鈴)響vt.打電話 speak vi.講話 vt. 說(語言) hang vi. 懸掛 vt. 絞死 operate vi.動手術(shù) vt. 操作
及物動詞不需要介詞
在英語錯誤中,"及物動詞+介詞+賓語"(transitive
verb+preposition+object),是常見的一種。所謂及物動詞,就是謂語動詞(predicative verb),不必通過介詞引薦賓語。相反的,不及物動詞(intransitive verb)是不帶賓語的。有許多動詞,雖然性質(zhì)是及物的,但不一定要有賓語,如下列的①a和②a便是這種情形:
?、賏. We study every day.
b. Do you study English every day.
②a. Please write clearly next time.
b. Can you write your composition now?
如果本質(zhì)上就是不及物動詞,就不會有賓語;若要賓語,就要借介詞之助,一起連用才行,如③b和④b;③a和④a是錯的;
*③a. The children are listening the music.
b. The children are listening to the music.
*④a. She is laughing the crippled man.
b. She is laughing at the crippled man.
反之,及物動詞不必靠介詞,就可以帶賓語,如上述的①b和②b ,又如⑤和 ⑥:
?、?John is giving a book to me.
⑥ Who will answer this question?
如果無意中把介詞加上,就錯了,如:
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列這句從房地產(chǎn)廣告中看到的句子,也犯了同樣的錯:
"We have many buyers awaiting for available units here." "Awaiting"是個及物動詞,后面的介詞"for"是多余的,要去掉;不然把"awaiting"改為"waiting for"也行。
許多人習(xí)慣上喜歡把介詞加到及物動詞后面,然后才帶出賓語。最常見的是"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about",如:
?、?Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. ⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results. ⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.
顯然的,這三句里的介詞"on/upon"和"about"是多余的,不必要的。 下面是些類似的錯誤:
● The young must obey to their elders.
● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.
● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.
● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.
● Do you hope to serve for your nation?
● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介詞"to, on, from, for, with"都要去掉才對。
為什么會有這些錯誤呢?主因是分不清楚及物動詞和不及物動詞的性質(zhì)。其次,就是對同一個動詞及其名詞的句型有些混淆。解決之道有二。第一,要把"及物動詞+賓語"和"不及物動詞+介詞+賓語"劃分清楚,如: I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.
He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday. 第二,把及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞,然后加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和賓語,如: Don't approach such a person.
Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?
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