過去完成時的用法正確運用的方法
過去完成時的用法正確運用的方法
過去完成時通常表述的是過去某一時刻前發(fā)生的動作或者存在的狀態(tài),其用法你了解多少呢?以下是由學習啦小編整理關于過去完成時的用法的內(nèi)容,希望大家喜歡!
過去完成時的用法
1、定義
①表示發(fā)生在過去的動作對過去晚些時候造成的影響或結(jié)果
?、谶^去某一動作一直持續(xù)到過去晚些時候?qū)砜赡苓€要延續(xù)。
句中的動作發(fā)生在過去之前(過去的過去),即過去完成時動作發(fā)生在過去的過去。
He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他說他已經(jīng)去過北京兩次。(因為“說”said就是過去式,而去北京的動作發(fā)生在說said 的過去,所以用過完而不用現(xiàn)完。
過去完成時常用的時間狀語有
(1)、by the end of last year. By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words.
(2)、By the time sb. +動詞過去式 The bus had already left by the time I got there.
2、基本結(jié)構(gòu)
主語+had+過去分詞vpp.(done)
?、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z+had+過去分詞.
②否定句:主語+had+not+過去分詞.
?、垡话阋蓡柧洌篐ad+主語+過去分詞? 肯定回答:Yes,主語+had. 否定回答:No,主語+had not . ④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(Had+主語+過去分詞)?
?、荼粍诱Z態(tài):主語+had(hadn't)+been+過去分詞
3、基本用法
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作,也可以說過去的時間關于過去的動作。即“過去的過去”??梢杂胋y, before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句 (在復合句中,由時間連接詞引導的狀語從句叫做時間狀語從句 )來表示,也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。例如:By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
(2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài),常和for, since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。例如:I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came./He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.
(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時,常使用過去完成時。例如:Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine./ I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.
(4)在含有定語從句的主從復合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。 例如:I returned the book that I had borrowed./ She found the key that she had lost.
(5)過去完成時常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。例如:He said that he had known her well./ I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
(6)狀語從句:在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中,發(fā)生在前,用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引導的。例如:When I woke up, it had already stopped raining./ She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.
注意:如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過去完成時,特別是在包含before和after的復合句中,因為 這 時從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。例如:After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
(7)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。例如:They had wanted to help but could not get there in time./ We had hoped to be able to come and see you .
(8)過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that) … 等固定句型中。例如:Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him./ No sooner had he arrived then he went away again./ It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.
時間狀語before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than,yet,already等。
3、過去完成時-語法判定
A、由時間狀語來判定。一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:
( 1 ) by + 過去的時間點。如:I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 過去的時間點。如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 ) before + 過去的時間點。如:They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
B、由“過去的過去”來判定。過去完成時表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
( 1 )賓語從句中,當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如:She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )狀語從句中,在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關系,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在后的要用一般過去時。如:After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意: before, after 引導的時間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如:After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本…,未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
C、根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
4、過去完成時-語法區(qū)別
(1)、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,以現(xiàn)在的時間為基點,但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關,其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”;過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài),以過去時間為基點,它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時,才用到它。
比較:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起,讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)
(2)、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時應注意以下幾點:
A. 時間狀語不同:過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。
比較:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
B. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時,謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
C. 當兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時,按時間順序,只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后,因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
如何正確運用過去完成時
1. 正確運用過去完成時最重要的是要正確理解“過去的過去”。“過去的過去”是一個相對時間,即它相對于一個過去時間而言,并在其過去。這種相對的“過去的過去”有時通過一定的時間副詞(狀語)體現(xiàn)出來,有時則可能是通過一定的上下文來體現(xiàn):
I found the watch which I had lost.
我找到了我丟失的表。
The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed.
屋子里很安靜,大家都睡覺了。
"Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在辦公室嗎?”“不在,回家了。”
【注】有些通常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的詞語,由于在一定的語境中,謂語動作移到了“過去的過去”,也應用過去完成時。比較:
We haven’t seen each other since we left Paris.
自從離開巴黎后我們一直沒見過面。
I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris.
一般過去時的用法 |
上周星期天我見到史密斯先生了,自從離開巴黎后我們還一直沒見過面。
2. 表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法
過去完成時可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法和打算,通常連用的動詞是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等:
I had meant to come, but something happened.
我本想來,但有事就沒有來。
I had intended to speak, but time did not permit.
我本想發(fā)言,但時間不允許。
We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t.
我們本想你來看我們的,但你沒有來。
看過“正確運用過去完成時的方法”的人還看了:
1.過去完成時的句子
2.過去完成時的用法